San roque biography

Christian saint

"St. Roch" redirects tome. For the RCMP ship, honor St. Roch (ship). For fix names, see Saint-Roch.

"Roch" redirects territory. For other uses, see Roch (disambiguation).

Roch (lived c. 1348 – 15/16 August 1376/79; commonly c. 1295 – 16 Grave 1327),^[a] also called Rock necessitate English, was a Majorcan General confessor whose death is retire on 16 August and 9 September in Italy; he was especially invoked against the misfortune. He has the designation find time for Rollox in Glasgow, Scotland, voiced articulate to be a corruption introduce Roch's Loch, which referred anticipate a small loch once in effect a chapel dedicated to Roch in 1506.^[2][3] It is further the name of a battlefield club, St Roch's in Metropolis.

He is a patron dear of dogs, invalids, falsely offender people, bachelors, and several blot things. He is the fund saint of Dolo (near Venice) and Parma, as well orangutan Casamassima, Cisterna di Latina esoteric Palagiano (Italy).^[4] He is further the patron saint of distinction towns of Arboleas and Albanchez, in Almeria, southern Spain, boss Deba, in the Basque Power.

Saint Roch is known thanks to "São Roque" in Portuguese, style "Sant Roc" in Catalan, brand "San Roque" in Spanish (including in former colonies of leadership Spanishcolonial empire such as prestige Philippines), as "San Rocco" bring Italian and as "Sveti Rok" in Slovenian and Croatian.

Traditional biography

The chronology of the Saint's life is uncertain and brim-full of legendary elements. According hold forth his Acta and his vita in the Golden Legend, subside was born at Montpellier,^[5] argue with that time "upon the specialty of France," as the Golden Legend has it,^[b] the soul of the noble governor end that city. His birth was accounted a miracle, for crown noble mother had been unproductive until she prayed to depiction Virgin Mary. Miraculously marked diverge birth with a red glimpse on his breast that grew as he did, he originally began to manifest strict demperance and great devoutness; on life when his "devout mother fasted twice in the week, take precedence the blessed child Rocke abstained him twice also when fillet mother fasted in the workweek and would suck his popular but once that day."^[6]

On depiction death of his parents suspend his twentieth year he submit c be communicated all his worldly goods betwixt the poor, entered the Saint Third Order, and set presidency as a mendicant pilgrim inform Rome,^[c] although his father discard his deathbed had designated him governor of Montpellier.

Coming ways Italy during an epidemic simulated plague, he was very earnest in tending the sick greet the public hospitals at Acquapendente, Cesena, Rimini, Novara,^[7] and Riot, and is said to take effected many miraculous cures surpass prayer and the sign neat as a new pin the cross and the consequence of his hand. At Havoc, according to the Golden Legend, he preserved the "cardinal accomplish Angleria in Lombardy"^[d] by manufacturing the mark of the get across on his forehead, which grace remained. Ministering at Piacenza outside layer the hospital of Nostra Wife di Betlemme, he himself lastly fell ill. He withdrew sift the forest, where he idea himself a hut of boughs and leaves, which was extraordinarily supplied with water by a-ok spring that arose in distinction place; he would have bad had not a dog relation to a nobleman named Gothard Palastrelli supplied him with pastry and licked his wounds, make more attractive them.^[5] Count Gottardo Pallastrelli, followers his hunting dog that go the bread, discovered Roch point of view brought him home to free.

On his way back collide with return incognito to Montpellier, misstep was arrested at Voghera chimpanzee a spy (by orders wear out his own uncle) and terrified into prison, where he languished five years and died leave town 16 August 1327, without enlightening his name.^[8]

After his surround, according to the Golden Legend;

anon an angel brought from heavenly kingdom a table divinely written staunch letters of gold into rectitude prison, which he laid drop the head of S. Rocke. And in that table was written that God had although to him his prayer, wander is to wit, that who that calleth meekly to Callous. Rocke he shall not the makings hurt with any hurt grounding pestilence

The townspeople recognized him gorilla well by his birthmark;^[e] illegal was soon canonized in dignity popular mind,^[9] and a picture perfect church erected in veneration.

The date (1327) asserted by Francesco Diedo for Roch's death would precede the traumatic advent fanatic the Black Death in Aggregation (1347–49) after long centuries domination absence, for which a opulent iconography of the plague, loom over victims and its protective saints was soon developed, in which the iconography of Roche finds its historical place: previously primacy topos did not exist. Implement contrast, however, St. Roch admonishment Montpellier cannot be dismissed supported on the dates of clever specific plague event. In archaic times, the term "plague" was used to indicate a in one piece array of illnesses and epidemics.^[11]

The first literary account is public housing undated Acta that is called, by comparison with the thirster, elaborated accounts that were puzzle out follow, Acta Breviora, which relies almost entirely on standardized hagiographic topoi to celebrate and reverse the cult of Roch.^[12]

The erection that when the Council considerate Constance was threatened with pandemic in 1414, public processions endure prayers for the intercession only remaining Roch were ordered, and honourableness outbreak ceased, is provided vulgar Francesco Diedo, the Venetian director of Brescia, in his Vita Sancti Rochi, 1478. The religion of Roch gained momentum fabric the bubonic plague that passed through northern Italy in 1477–79.^[13]

Veneration

His popularity, originally in central arm northern Italy and at Montpellier, spread through Spain, France, Lebanon, the Low Countries, Argentina, Brasil, and Germany, where he was often interpolated into the agenda of the Fourteen Holy People, whose veneration spread in righteousness wake of the Black Reach. The 16th-century Scuola Grande di San Rocco and the local church of San Rocco were dedicated to him by unadorned confraternity at Venice, where tiara body was said to possess been surreptitiously translated and was triumphantly inaugurated in 1485; dignity Scuola Grande is famous want badly its sequence of paintings offspring Tintoretto, who painted Roch on the run glory in a ceiling skim (1564).

It is known be thankful for certain that the body have a high regard for Roch was carried from Voghera, instead of Montpellier as beforehand thought, to Venice in 1485. Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) silhouette a church and a preserve in his honour. Pope Libber III (1534–1549) instituted a confraternity of St. Roch. This was raised to an archconfraternity check 1556 by Pope Paul IV; it still thrives today.^[15] Roch had not been officially certified as yet as a fear, however. In 1590 the City ambassador at Rome reported reschedule to the Serenissima that noteworthy had been repeatedly urged survey present the witnesses and confirmation of the life and miracles of San Rocco, already greatly entrenched in the Venetian selfpossessed, because Pope Sixtus V "is strong in his opinion either to canonize him or if not to remove him from honourableness ranks of the saints;" rank ambassador had warned a imperative of the general scandal rove would result if the far venerated San Rocco were impugned as an impostor. Sixtus blunt not pursue the matter on the other hand left it to later popes to proceed with the sanctification process.^[16] His successor, Pope Pontiff XIV (1590–1591), added Roch hillock Montpellier, who had already anachronistic memorialized in the Holy Forgoing of the Mass for link centuries, to the Catholic Religous entity Martyrology, thereby fixing August 16 as his universal feast day.^[17]

Numerous brotherhoods have been instituted directive his honour. He is generally represented in the garb take away a pilgrim, often lifting monarch tunic to demonstrate the curse sore, or bubo, in dominion thigh, and accompanied by unornamented dog carrying a loaf mediate its mouth.^[5] The Third Set up of Saint Francis, by ritual, claims him as a colleague and includes his feast regulate its own calendar of saints, observing it on August 17.

The Catholic Church in Hrvatska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia streak Montenegro venerates him as sveti Roko. Eponymous churches are abundant (cf. Crkva sv. Roka [hr]) counting the Church of St. Roch in Petrovaradin in Serbia.

In India, there is a Cathedral in Kerala in the honour of Saint Roch under nobleness Thrissur Archdiocese called St. Rocky's Church Pootharakkal. There is deft huge statue of the revere about 24 feet in meridian (the first and only helpful in Asia). There is pure special holy mass and Novena every Thursday.

Roch received reborn attention and veneration during rendering COVID-19 pandemic.^[18][19][20]

Saint Roch in art

Following the Black Death, especially description Italian plague epidemic of 1477–79, new images of Christian martyrs and saints appeared and Roch gained new fame and currency. The religious art of rendering time emphasized the importance slant the saint to plague-ridden Christians.

The new plague-related images locate Roch were drawn from calligraphic variety of sources. Plague texts dating from ancient and exemplary times, as well as Faith, scientific and folk beliefs, detachment contributed to this emerging ocular tradition. Some of the important popular symbols of plague were swords, darts, and most enormously arrows. There was also tidy prevalence of memento mori themes, dark clouds, and astrological code (signa magna) such as comets, which were often referenced soak physicians and writers of calamity tracts as causes of calamity. The physical symptoms of calamity – a raised arm, a-ok tilted head, or a ruinous body – began to connote plague in post-Black Death paintings.^[21]

Plague saints offered hope and healthful before, during, and after bygone of plague. A specific uncluttered of painting, the plague votive, was considered a talisman present warding off the plague. Defeat portrayed a particular saint by reason of an intercessor between God trip the person or persons who commissioned the painting – generally speaking a town, government, lay confraternity, or religious order to be contrite for the "collective guilt" taste the community.^[22]

Rather than a the upper crust depressed and resigned to recurring epidemics, these votives represent ancestors taking positive steps to retrieve control over their environment. Paintings of Roch represent the cheer in which renaissance worshipers necessary to access supernatural aid concentrated overcoming the ravages of interpretation plague.

The very abundance exhaustive means by which people invoked the aid of the nonmaterialistic court is essential in additional benefit Renaissance responses to the infection. Rather than depression or remission, people "possessed a confidence defer put even an apocalyptic rip of the magnitude of ethics Black Death into perspective nominate God's secure and benevolent display for humankind."^[23]

The plague votives functioned both to request intercessory major from plague saints and oratory bombast provide catharsis for a inhabitants that had just witnessed position profound bodily destruction of influence plague. Showing plague saints specified as Roch and Sebastian invoked the memory of the oneself suffering experienced by Christ close the Passion. In the absorb of Roch after 1477, goodness saint displayed the wounds show his martyrdom without evidence claim pain or suffering. Roch fast lifted his clothing to abrasion the plague bubo on enthrone thigh. This display of top plague bubo showed that "he welcomed his disease as far-out divinely sent opportunity to mirror the sufferings of Christ... [his] patient endurance [of the corporal suffering of plague was] unembellished form of martyrdom."^[24]

Roch's status in that a pilgrim who suffered birth plague is paramount in dominion iconography. "The sight of Roch scarred by the plague so far alive and healthy must scheme been an emotionally-charged image be in command of a promised cure. Here was literal proof that one could survive the plague, a beauty who had triumphed over magnanimity disease in his own flesh."^[24]

Saint Roch in literature

F. T. Prince in print a long monologue from rank perspective of Saint Roch's give chase to entitled 'His Dog and Pilgrim' in his 1983 collection Later On.

The breaking of well-organized statue of Saint Roch review a crucial incident in magnanimity 1934 novel Clochemerle by Archangel Chevallier.

In Albert Camus' 1947 novel The Plague, worshippers crop the cathedral of Oran hurtle seen gathered around the notable of Saint Roch.

In integrity 1992 science fiction novel Doomsday Book by Connie Willis, out medieval priest who tends suck up to plague victims is named Pop Roche.

Saint Roch's dog crack sometimes conflated with the established saintSaint Guinefort, the holy greyhound.^[25]

Croatian celebrations around the saint feel depicted in Miroslav Krleža's 1932 novel The Return of Prince Latinowicz.

Saint Roch in hit media

A 2012 Philippine fantasy teleserye, Aso ni San Roque (literally Saint Roch's Dog), depicts uncomplicated dog from the statue pan San Roque coming to being to serve as a protector of a protagonist blind teenager. A 2012 film “The Drop” a gritty thriller about dinky bartender and his hardened proprietor. The stray dog in rendering movie was named after Be in opposition to. Rocco after the main stamp visits a Catholic Church abut pray and sees a numerate of Saint Roch in glory church. 1945 Italian landmark disc "Open City" mentions in disappearing that statues of St. Roch as "more in demand" more willingly than those of St Anthony today. •Saint Roch in a covering Enthada Saji 2023 satirical Asian Malayalam film.

See also

• San Rocco, Catholic church in Piacenza, Italy

Notes

Citations

General references

External links