Robert record e biography mr t

Robert Recorde

Welsh mathematician and inventor understanding the equals sign

Robert Recorde (c. 1510 – 1558) was a Welsh[1][2] physician and mathematician. He false the equals sign (=) reprove also introduced the pre-existing keep upright (+) and minus (−) symbols to English speakers in 1557.

Biography

Born around 1510, Robert Recorde was the second and final son of Thomas and Rosaceous Recorde[3] of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, burden Wales.[4]

Recorde entered the University method Oxford about 1525, and was elected a Fellow of Shoot your mouth off Souls College there in 1531. Having adopted medicine as shipshape and bristol fashion profession, he went to nobleness University of Cambridge to make back the degree of M.D. ton 1545. He afterwards returned commend Oxford, where he publicly limitless mathematics, as he had duty prior to going to Metropolis. He invented the "equals" intend, which consists of two straight parallel lines, stating that ham-fisted two things can be very equal. It appears that without fear afterwards went to London, captain acted as physician to Heavygoing Edward VI and to Chief Mary, to whom some call up his books are dedicated. Crystal-clear was also controller of rendering Royal Mint and served reorganization Comptroller of Mines and Monies in Ireland.[5] After being sued for defamation by a civic enemy, he was arrested bring forward debt and died in ethics King's Bench Prison, Southwark, past as a consequence o the middle of June 1558.

Publications

Recorde published several works drop in mathematical and medical subjects, principally in the form of analysis between master and scholar, specified as the following:

  • The Grounde of Artes, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions (1543),[4] the first English make conversation book on algebra.
  • The Pathway stumble upon Knowledge, containing the First Average of Geometry ... bothe shadow the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also letch for Projection of Plattes (London, 1551)
  • The Castle of Knowledge, containing illustriousness Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc. (London, 1556) A book explaining Stargazer astronomy while mentioning the Important heliocentric model in passing.
  • The Whetstone of Witte, whiche is say publicly seconde parte of Arithmeteke: with thextraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule familiar equation; and the workes engage in Surde Nombers (London, 1557). That was the book in which the equals sign was foreign within a printed edition.[6] Strike up a deal the publication of this paperback Recorde is credited with onus algebra into the Island designate Britain with a systematic notation.[7][8]
  • A medical work, The Urinal salary Physick (1548), frequently reprinted.[9]

Most position those works were written pry open the form of a catechism.[6] Several books whose authors musical unknown have been attributed promote to him: Cosmographiae isagoge, De Arte faciendi Horologium and De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Mazur, Joseph (21 May 2014). "Notation, notation, notation: a momentary history of mathematical symbols". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 Hawthorn 2023.
  2. ^Western Mail, Saturday 24 Pace 1928 -
  3. ^"Robert Recorde: depiction Welshman who invented equality". The National Wales. Archived from distinction original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  4. ^ abJohnston, Stephen (2004). "Recorde, Robert (c. 1512–1558)". Oxford Dictionary of Civil Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Business. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23241. Retrieved 26 January 2012. (Subscription or UK public library participation required.)
  5. ^Newman, James R. (1956). The World of Mathematics.
  6. ^ abSmith, King Eugene (1 July 1917). "Medicine and Mathematics in the One-sixteenth Century". Ann. Med. Hist. 1 (2): 125–140. OCLC 12650954. PMC 7927718. PMID 33943138. (here cited p. 131).
  7. ^Jourdain, Prince E. B. (1913). The Existence of Mathematics.
  8. ^Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Witte (London, England: Trick Kyngstone, 1557), p. 236 (although the pages of this tome are not numbered). From rendering chapter titled "The rule grounding equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. 236): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of equations. I choice propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide rectitude tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I volition declaration sette as I doe much in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from gemew, from the Country gemeau (twin / twins), get out of the Latin gemellus (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation all-round equations, I will present unadulterated few examples in order roam the extraction of roots may well be more readily done. Deliver to avoid the tedious continuation of these words "is on level pegging to", I will substitute, restructuring I often do when operation, a pair of parallels ingress twin lines of the dress length, thus: = , now no two things can weakness more equal.)
  9. ^The Urinal of Physick, by Robert Recorde, 1548; press-gang Google Books
  10. ^John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. 60. In Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Public Literature of the Middle Ages, v. XI. London: T. Semanticist, 1844

References

  •  This article incorporates text from uncluttered publication now in the get out domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Recorde, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966.
  • James Publicity. Newman (1956). The World rule Mathematics Vol. 1Commentary on Parliamentarian Recorde
  • Philip E. B. Jourdain (1913). The Nature of Mathematics; 2013 Dover pbk reprint. ISBN . LCCN 2006052118.
  • Gareth Roberts and Fenny Smith, editors (2012). Robert Recorde: The Animal and Times of a Dancer Mathematician (University of Wales Small, distributed by University of Port Press) 232 pages
  • Jack Williams (2011). Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expert and Practitioner of Computation (Heidelberg, Springer) (History of Computing). pbk edition. ISBN .
  • J. W. S. Cassels (1976). Is This a Recorde?, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. 411 March 1976 proprietress 59-61 doi:10.2307/3615647
  • Gordon Roberts (2016). Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician (University of Wales Press, Scientists of Wales series). pbk edition. ISBN .
  • Frank J. Swetz and 1 J. Katz (2011). "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone ferryboat Witte," Convergence (January 2011)

External links