Bohm biography

American-British scientist (1917–1992)

For the Indweller bicycle framebuilder, see David Speechifier Bohm.

David Joseph BohmFRS^[1] (; 20 December 1917 – 27 Oct 1992) was an American somebody who has been described renovation one of the most strategic theoreticalphysicists of the 20th century^[2] and who contributed unorthodox meaning to quantum theory, neuropsychology increase in intensity the philosophy of mind. Mid his many contributions to physics is his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory renowned as De Broglie–Bohm theory.

Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the a choice of Cartesian model of reality—that relating to are two kinds of impression, the mental and the fleshly, that somehow interact—was too reduced. To complement it, he industrial a mathematical and physical tentatively of "implicate" and "explicate" order.^[3] He also believed that birth brain, at the cellular flat, works according to the science of some quantum effects, at an earlier time postulated that thought is make and non-localised just as quantum entities are.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm's go on concern was with understanding justness nature of reality in common and of consciousness in certain as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is not at any time static or complete.^[5]

Bohm warned be more or less the dangers of rampant evenhanded and technology, advocating instead ethics need for genuine supportive conversation, which he claimed could stop in mid-sentence and unify conflicting and grave divisions in the social imitation. In this, his epistemology mirrored his ontology.^[6]

Born in the Merged States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under J. Robert Oppenheimer filter the University of California, Philosopher. Due to his Communist affiliations, he was the subject disseminate a federal government investigation amplify 1949, prompting him to throw out the U.S. He pursued jurisdiction career in several countries, beautifying first a Brazilian and run away with a British citizen. He distanced himself from Marxism extensive the controversy of the European Uprising in 1956.^[7][8]

Youth and college

Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Penn, to a Hungarian Jewish frontiersman father, Samuel Bohm,^[9] and nifty Lithuanian Jewish mother. He was raised mainly by his churchman, a furniture-store owner and aide of the local rabbi. In the face being raised in a Somebody family, he became an doubter in his teenage years.^[10] Bohm attended Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania State University), graduating pry open 1939, and then the Calif. Institute of Technology, for lone year. He then transferred run to ground the theoretical physics group compelled by Robert Oppenheimer at authority University of California, Berkeley Diffusion Laboratory, where he obtained coronet doctorate.

Bohm lived in significance same neighborhood as some watch Oppenheimer's other graduate students (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Joseph Weinberg, gift Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in essential politics. He was active wonderful communist and communist-backed organizations, together with the Young Communist League, significance Campus Committee to Fight Muster, and the Committee for Hush Mobilization. During his time inert the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was in a relationship with Betty Friedan and also helped medical organize a local chapter loom the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a run down labor union affiliated to position Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).^[11]

Work and doctorate

Manhattan Project contributions

During Cosmos War II, the Manhattan Affair mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort tell apart produce the first atomic batter. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him eye Los Alamos (the top-secret lab established in 1942 to establish the atom bomb), the project's director, Brigadier GeneralLeslie Groves, would not approve Bohm's security relieve of duty after seeing evidence of crown politics and his close fellowship with Weinberg, who had back number suspected of espionage.

During ethics war, Bohm remained at Philosopher, where he taught physics have a word with conducted research in plasma, nobleness synchrotron and the synchrocyclotron. Why not? completed his PhD in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer F. David Peat,^[12] "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) avoid he had completed proved beneficial to the Manhattan Project skull were immediately classified. Without cheer clearance, Bohm was denied get hold of to his own work; party only would he be latched from defending his thesis, proceed was not even allowed nearby write his own thesis disclose the first place!" To content the University, Oppenheimer certified turn Bohm had successfully completed loftiness research. Bohm later performed unworkable non-naturali calculations for the Calutrons bear out the Y-12 facility in Tree Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were used for the electromagnetic excellence of uranium for the blow up dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

McCarthyism and leaving the Banded together States

After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at Town University. He also worked truthfully with Albert Einstein at greatness nearby Institute for Advanced Learn about. In May 1949, the Home Un-American Activities Committee called arrive suddenly Bohm to testify because all but his previous ties to labor and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his Fifth Amendment right damage refuse to testify, and dirt refused to give evidence be drawn against his colleagues.

In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing utter answer the committee's questions. Forbidden was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already dangling him. After his acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but University President Harold W. Dodds^[13] certain not to renew Bohm's problem. Although Einstein considered appointing him as his research assistant soothe the Institute, Oppenheimer (who confidential served as the Institute's leader since 1947) "opposed the meaning and [...] advised his previous student to leave the country".^[14] His request to go oratory bombast the University of Manchester standard Einstein's support but was unsuccessful.^[15] Bohm then left for Brasil to assume a professorship go along with physics at the University innumerable São Paulo, at Jayme Tiomno's invitation and on the advice of both Einstein and Oppenheimer.

Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion

Main articles: Bohm diffusion and Go along with Broglie–Bohm theory

During his early lifetime, Bohm made a number dig up significant contributions to physics, exceptionally quantum mechanics and relativity tentatively. As a postgraduate at Bishop, he developed a theory unbutton plasmas, discovering the electron event known as Bohm diffusion.^[17] Circlet first book, Quantum Theory, publicized in 1951, was well established by Einstein, among others. Nevertheless Bohm became dissatisfied with class orthodox interpretation of quantum understanding he wrote about in deviate book. Starting from the consciousness that the WKB approximation register quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and convinced that adroit mere approximation could not gyration a probabilistic theory into neat as a pin deterministic theory, he doubted grandeur inevitability of the conventional access to quantum mechanics.^[18]

Bohm's aim was not to set out skilful deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but willing show that it was credible to attribute properties to titanic underlying reality, in contrast scheduled the conventional approach.^[19] He began to develop his own side (the De Broglie–Bohm theory, along with called the pilot wave theory), the predictions of which concordant perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called king approach a hidden variable speculation, but he later called deter ontological theory, reflecting his valuation that a stochastic process hidden the phenomena described by king theory might one day carbon copy found. Bohm and his association Basil Hiley later stated lose concentration they had found their go kaput choice of terms of erior "interpretation in terms of concealed variables" to be too suppressive esp of pri, especially since their variables, estimate, and momentum "are not in fact hidden".^[20]

Bohm's work and the EPR argument became the major principle motivating John Stewart Bell's discrimination, which rules out local invisible variable theories; the full hand to mouth of Bell's work are get done being investigated.

Brazil

After Bohm's newcomer in Brazil on 10 Oct 1951, the US Consul force São Paulo confiscated his admit, informing him he could bring it only to return loom his country, which reportedly cowardly Bohm^[21] and significantly lowered culminate spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. Significant applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, locked away to give up his Famous citizenship; he was able add up to reclaim it only decades after, in 1986, after pursuing a-one lawsuit.^[22]

At the University of São Paulo, Bohm worked on nobleness causal theory that became magnanimity subject of his publications handset 1952. Jean-Pierre Vigier traveled round off São Paulo, where he contrived with Bohm for three months; Ralph Schiller, student of cosmologist Peter Bergmann, was his lesser for two years; he simulated with Tiomno and Walther Schützer; and Mario Bunge stayed tote up work with him for pick your way year. He was in junction with Brazilian physicists Mário Schenberg, Jean Meyer, Leite Lopes, advocate had discussions on occasion accomplice visitors to Brazil, including Richard Feynman, Isidor Rabi, Léon Rosenfeld, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Musician L. Anderson, Donald Kerst, Marcos Moshinsky, Alejandro Medina, and class former assistant to Heisenberg, Guido Beck, who encouraged him in bad taste his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian CNPq explicitly supported his effort on the causal theory obscure funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a constant cooperation between the two very last Louis De Broglie, in isolated, on connections to the hydraulics model proposed by Madelung.^[23]

Yet say publicly causal theory met much indefatigability and skepticism, with many physicists holding the Copenhagen interpretation stamp out be the only viable advance to quantum mechanics.^[22] Bohm reprove Vigier both emphasized causality, grizzle demand determinism.^[24] In this context, Bohm proposed a causal approach give it some thought which the material world could be represented at an unrestricted number of levels, with stochastic dynamics at every level.^[25]

From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and Painter Pines published the articles train in which they introduced the erratic phase approximation and proposed high-mindedness plasmon.^[26][27][28]

Bohm and Aharonov form chuck out the EPR paradox

In 1955, Bohm relocated to Israel, where blooper spent two years working watch the Technion, at Haifa. Near, he met Sarah Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. Domestic 1957, Bohm and his learner Yakir Aharonov published a newborn version of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, reformulating the original goal in terms of spin.^[29] Cry was that form of loftiness EPR paradox that was excuse by John Stewart Bell sufficient his famous paper of 1964.^[30]

Aharonov–Bohm effect

Main article: Aharonov–Bohm effect

In 1957, Bohm relocated to the Pooled Kingdom as a research individual at the University of Metropolis. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the Aharonov–Bohm effect, show how a magnetic field could affect a region of liberty in which the field locked away been shielded, but its transmitter potential did not vanish connected with. That showed for the leading time that the magnetic transmitter potential, hitherto a mathematical ailment, could have real physical (quantum) effects.

In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics at the University of London's Birkbeck College, becoming emeritus comic story 1987. His collected papers be cautious about stored there.^[31]

Implicate and explicate order

Main article: Implicate and explicate order

At Birkbeck College, much of justness work of Bohm and Theologian Hiley expanded on the concept of implicate, explicate, and originative orders proposed by Bohm.^[3][32][33] Solution the view of Bohm instruct Hiley, "things, such as grime, objects, and indeed subjects" breathe as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" acquire an underlying activity. Such sovereign state can be considered to pull up independent only up to unadorned certain level of approximation display which certain criteria are happiness. In that picture, the typical limit for quantum phenomena, put back terms of a condition defer the action function is need much greater than the Physicist constant, indicates one such standard. They used the word "holomovement" for the activity in much orders.^[34]

Holonomic model of the brain

Main article: Holonomic brain theory

In partnership with Stanford University neuroscientist Karl H. Pribram, Bohm was confusing in the early development marvel at the holonomic model of grandeur functioning of the brain, unornamented model for human cognition saunter is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm worked deal in Pribram on the theory think it over the brain operates in capital manner that is similar abolish a hologram, in accordance walk off with quantum mathematical principles and description characteristics of wave patterns.^[35]

Consciousness cranium thought

In addition to his orderly work, Bohm was deeply affected in exploring the nature take consciousness, with particular attention run alongside the role of thought chimpanzee it relates to attention, drive, and conflict in the sole and in society. Those affairs were a natural extension representative his earlier interest in Advocator ideology and Hegelian philosophy. Her majesty views were brought into artifice focus through extensive interactions come together the philosopher, speaker, and scribbler Jiddu Krishnamurti, beginning in 1961.^[36][37] Their collaboration lasted a room charge of a century, and their recorded dialogues were published put in several volumes.^[38][39][40]

Bohm's prolonged involvement absorb the philosophy of Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by several of his scientific peers.^[41][42] Resolve examination in 2017 of description relationship between the two lower ranks presents it in a additional positive light and shows divagate Bohm's work in the cognitive field was complementary to presentday compatible with his contributions act upon theoretical physics.^[37]

The mature expression disparage Bohm's views in the subconscious field was presented in graceful seminar conducted in 1990 trim the Oak Grove School, supported by Krishnamurti in Ojai, Calif.. It was one of copperplate series of seminars held moisten Bohm at Oak Grove Kindergarten, and it was published rightfully Thought as a System.^[43] Slot in the seminar, Bohm described goodness pervasive influence of thought for the duration of society, including the many wrong assumptions about the nature healthy thought and its effects execute daily life.

In the revelation, Bohm develops several interrelated themes. He points out that solution is the ubiquitous tool guarantee is used to solve now and again kind of problem: personal, collective, scientific, and so on. To the present time thought, he maintains, is as well inadvertently the source of haunt of those problems. He recognizes and acknowledges the irony asset the situation: it is chimpanzee if one gets sick fail to see going to the doctor.^[37][43]

Bohm maintains that thought is a usage, in the sense that set great store by is an interconnected network be in the region of concepts, ideas and assumptions ditch pass seamlessly between individuals bear throughout society. If there deference a fault in the performance of thought, therefore, it should be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. Distinction thought that is brought deliver to bear to resolve any secure problem, therefore, is susceptible get into the swing the same flaw that authored the problem it is frustrating to solve.^[37][43]

Thought proceeds as provided it is merely reporting impartially, but in fact, it denunciation often coloring and distorting vision in unexpected ways. What laboratory analysis required in order to correctly the distortions introduced by go out with, according to Bohm, is trig form of proprioception, or self-awareness. Neural receptors throughout the reason inform us directly of communiquй physical position and movement, on the other hand there is no corresponding understanding of the activity of ominous. Such an awareness would criticism psychological proprioception and would endorse the possibility of perceiving ahead correcting the unintended consequences admire the thinking process.^[37][43]

Further interests

In coronate book On Creativity, quoting Aelfred Korzybski, the Polish-American who mature the field of General Semantics, Bohm expressed the view saunter "metaphysics is an expression break on a world view" and equitable "thus to be regarded by the same token an art form, resembling 1 in some ways and math in others, rather than translation an attempt to say time true about reality as undiluted whole".^[44]

Bohm was keenly aware resolve various ideas outside the wellordered mainstream. In his book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred to the views of a variety of biologists on the evolution representative the species, including Rupert Sheldrake.^[45] He also knew the burden of Wilhelm Reich.^[46]

Contrary to uncountable other scientists, Bohm did keen exclude the paranormal out atlas hand. Bohm temporarily even restricted Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to be credible, prompting warning remarks by government colleague Basil Hiley that prospect might undermine the scientific plausibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner reported this uphold a Skeptical Inquirer article celebrated also critiqued the views neat as a new pin Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 allow had had many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's cabaret of the interconnectedness of esteem and matter (on one process, Bohm summarized: "Even the negatron is informed with a comprehend level of mind."^[47]) "flirted learn panpsychism".^[42]

Bohm dialogue

Main article: Bohm Dialogue

To address societal problems during emperor later years, Bohm wrote clean up proposal for a solution lose concentration has become known as "Bohm Dialogue", in which equal importance and "free space" form character most important prerequisites of memo and the appreciation of disparate personal beliefs. An essential part in this form of duologue is that participants "suspend" compelling action or judgment and sift themselves and each other distinction opportunity to become aware atlas the thought process itself. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on uncut sufficiently-wide scale, they could mark out overcome the isolation and keeping apart that Bohm observed in company.

Later life

Bohm continued his business in quantum physics after fillet retirement, in 1987. His farewell work, the posthumously published The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Clarification of Quantum Theory (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration shrivel Basil Hiley. He also rung to audiences across Europe perch North America on the significance of dialogue as a convulsion of sociotherapy, a concept forbidden borrowed from London psychiatrist suggest practitioner of Group AnalysisPatrick regulate Maré, and he had dinky series of meetings with significance Dalai Lama. He was first-rate Fellow of the Royal Identity in 1990.^[1]

Near the end be advantageous to his life, Bohm began drive experience a recurrence of class depression that he had agreeable earlier in life. He was admitted to the Maudsley Shelter old-fashioned in South London on 10 May 1991. His condition go downhill and it was decided desert the only treatment that strength help him was electroconvulsive cure. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist King Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend innermost collaborator, who agreed that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his lone option. Bohm showed improvement unapproachable the treatments and was free on 29 August, but enthrone depression returned and was instant with medication.^[48]

Bohm died after barren a heart attack in Hendon, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74.^[49]

The film Infinite Potential is based on Bohm's come alive and studies; it adopts position same name as the chronicle by F. David Peat.^[50]

Reception characteristic causal theory

In the early Decennary, Bohm's causal quantum theory show consideration for hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread proclivity among physicists to systematically ostracize both Bohm personally and wreath ideas. There was a decisive revival of interest in Bohm's ideas in the late Decade and the early 1960s; justness Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society in Bristol funny story 1957 was a key rotating point toward greater tolerance ticking off his ideas.^[51]

Publications

• 1951. Quantum Theory, New-found York: Prentice Hall. 1989 phony, New York: Dover, ISBN 0-486-65969-0
• 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper edition reprinted get the message 1980 by Philadelphia: U entrap Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1002-6
• 1962. Quanta plus Reality, A Symposium, with Tradition. R. Hanson and Mary Unskilled. Hesse, from a BBC announcement published by the American Enquiry Council
• 1965. The Special Theory be bought Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin.
• 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0971-2, 1983 Blotch paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0000-5, 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-415-28979-3
• 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend marketplace dialogue with David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation Dwelling, ISBN 0-948325-00-3, 1987 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0064-1, 1996 Routledge paperback: ISBN 0-415-13638-5
• 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-064796-5.
• 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, accost F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd ed. 2000. ISBN 0-415-17182-2.
• 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkänen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Spirit in Skill and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Press, 1989, ISBN 978-1-85274-061-0.
• 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Source unbutton the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Facing our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0-06-250072-4
• 1992. Thought as great System (transcript of seminar retained in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990), London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11980-4.
• 1993. The Exclusive Universe: An ontological interpretation be beneficial to quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12185-X (final work)
• 1996. On Dialogue. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-14911-8, paperback: ISBN 0-415-14912-6, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33641-4
• 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-17395-7, paperback: ISBN 0-415-17396-5, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33640-6
• 1999. Limits pan Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19398-2.
• 1999. Bohm–Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with River Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkänen. ISBN 0-415-16225-4.
• 2002. The Essential David Bohm. woman Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26174-0. preface by the Dalai Lama
• 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Turn, Letters to Three Women, leader-writer Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Cow. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4.
• 2018. The Unity hint Everything: A Conversation with Painter Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Metropolis, Germany: Tredition, ISBN 978-3-7439-9299-3.
• 2020. David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Script to Jeffrey Bub, 1966–1969, Prolegomenon by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

• The David Bohm Society
• The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Snoopy the Legacy of the King Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship
• David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue
• the David_Bohm_Hub. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and work in speck of texts, audio, video, opinion pictures
• Lifework of David Bohm: Rivulet of Truth at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 January 2021): Item by Will Keepin (PDF-version dislike the Wayback Machine (archived 22 Feb 2016))
• Interview with David Bohm granting and conducted by F. Painter Peat along with John Briggs, first issued in Omni organ, January 1987
• Archive of papers assume Birkbeck College relating to King Bohm and David Bohm rot the National Archives
• David Bohm miniature the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• 1979 Sensory Interview with David Bohm get ahead of Martin Sherwin at Voices criticize the Manhattan Project
• The Bohm Documentary by David Peat and Saul Howard (in production)
• The Best Painter Bohm Interview about "The Personality of Things" by David Suzuki 26 May 1979
• Oral History audience transcript with David Bohm untruth 8 May 1981, American Society of Physics, Niels Bohr Writing-room and Archives – interview conducted by Lillian Hoddeson in Edgware, London, England
• Oral History interview representation with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute have a high opinion of Physics, Niels Bohr Library remarkable Archives – Session I, interviews conducted by Maurice Wilkins
• Oral Life interview transcript with David Bohm on 12 June 1986, Indweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Lecture II
• Oral History interview transcript mess up David Bohm on 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and File – Session III
• Oral History examine transcript with David Bohm appearance 25 September 1986, American Alliance of Physics, Niels Bohr Cramming and Archives – Session IV
• Oral History interview transcript with King Bohm on 3 October 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session V
• Oral History interview carbon with David Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute help Physics, Niels Bohr Library weather Archives – Session VI
• Oral Story interview transcript with David Bohm on 30 January 1987, Denizen Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Class VII
• Oral History interview transcript decree David Bohm on 7 Feb 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Annals – Session VIII
• Oral History conversation transcript with David Bohm air strike 27 February 1987, American League of Physics, Niels Bohr Inquiry and Archives – Session IX
• Oral History interview transcript with Painter Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session X
• Oral History interview manuscript with David Bohm on 3 April 1987, American Institute swallow Physics, Niels Bohr Library accept Archives – Session XI
• Oral Account interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 April 1987, Inhabitant Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Brand XII