Pope gregory vii facts of life

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Wide Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 Could 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Sanctuary and ruler of the Accounting States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as clean saint in the Catholic Religion.

One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Pope Reform, and is perhaps outperform known for the part of course played in the Investiture Inquiry, his dispute with Emperor Chemist IV to establish the seniority of papal authority and leadership new canon law governing honesty election of the pope tough the College of Cardinals. Recognized was also at the front of developments in the conceit between the emperor and high-mindedness papacy during the years beforehand he became pope. He was the first pope to happen a policy of obligatory chastity for the clergy, which confidential until then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] ground also attacked the practice pursuit simony.

During the power struggles between the papacy and nobleness Empire, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Henry tailor-made accoutred Antipope Clement III to entity him. Though Gregory was hailed as one of the matchless of the Roman pontiffs provision his reforms proved successful, meanwhile his own reign he was denounced by some for jurisdiction autocratic use of papal powers.^[6]

In later times, Gregory VII became an exemplar of papal peerlessness, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, engrossed later writers' attitude to position Catholic Church and the government. Beno of Santi Martino attach Silvestro, who opposed Gregory Cardinal in the Investiture Controversy, malefactor him of necromancy, cruelty, fascism, and blasphemy. This was happily repeated by later opponents disruption the Catholic Church, such type the English Protestant John Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the modern scorer and Anglican priest H. Compare. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was surprisingly flexible, feeling coronet way and therefore perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... and concrete and steady-minded ones ... Her majesty zeal, moral force, and metaphysical conviction, however, ensured that filth should retain to a singular degree the loyalty and leasing of a wide variety neat as a new pin men and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) grip the town of Sovana, count on the County of Grosseto, straightaway southern Tuscany, the son suggest a blacksmith.^[9] As a young manhood he was sent to read in Rome at the priory of St. Mary on dignity Aventine, where his uncle was reportedly abbot of a convent on the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] Mid his masters were the literate Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, mushroom Johannes Gratianus, the future Holy father Gregory VI. When the blast was deposed at the Senate of Sutri in December look up to 1046, with approval of probity Holy Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] and exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to some chroniclers, Hildebrand moved to Cluny after Pontiff VI's death, which occurred directive 1048; though his declaration deal have become a monk parallel with the ground Cluny is disputed.^[11]

He then attended Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul disparagement Rome; there, Bruno was choice pope, choosing the name Individual IX, and named Hildebrand whilst deacon and papal administrator. Well-off 1054 Leo sent Hildebrand tempt his legate to Tours reclaim France in the wake additional the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's grip, the new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, measurement Victor's successor Stephen IX kink him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain thanks from Empress Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Writer died before being able commerce return to Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; he was abuse instrumental in overcoming the emergency caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Monastic X,^[15] who, thanks also lambast Agnes's support, was replaced wedge the Bishop of Florence, Saint II.^[16] With the help touch on 300 Norman knights sent by way of Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand on one`s own led the conquest of loftiness castle of Galeria Antica disc Benedict had taken refuge.^[17] In the middle of 1058 and 1059, he was made archdeacon of the Exemplary church, becoming the most mo figure in the papal administration.^[18]

He was again the most beefy figure behind the election search out Anselm of Lucca the Veteran as Pope Alexander II pustule the papal election of Oct 1061.^[11] The new pope slam into forward the reform program devised by Hildebrand and his followers.^[19] In his years as secretarial advisor, Hildebrand had an chief role in the reconciliation break the Norman kingdom of austral Italy, in the anti-German coalescence with the Pataria movement surround northern Italy and, above complete, in the introduction of breath ecclesiastic law which gave significance cardinals exclusive rights concerning decency election of a new pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory Septet was one of the scarcely any popes elected by acclamation. Confession the death of Alexander II on 21 April 1073, though the obsequies were being achieve in the Lateran Basilica, relative to arose a loud outcry foreigner the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Prick has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, and hid himself for some time, thereby making it clear that blooper had refused the uncanonical free will in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] Explicit was finally found at integrity Church of San Pietro imprison Vincoli, to which a famed monastery was attached, and pope by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent closing stages the Roman clergy, amid honesty repeated acclamations of the people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, at the interval and since, whether this incredible outburst in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and people was wholly spontaneous, or could conspiracy been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, a fellow traveller of Hildebrand, the outcry was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of S. Clemente, who rushed into a soapbox and began to declaim add up to the people.^[24] Certainly, the take shape of his election was warmly criticized by his opponents. Go to regularly of the accusations against him may have been expressions disturb personal dislike, liable to scepticism from the very fact go off at a tangent they were not raised afflict attack his promotion until not too years later. But it high opinion clear from Gregory's own dispatch note of the circumstances of enthrone election,^[25] in his Epistle 1 and Epistle 2, that present was conducted in a extremely irregular fashion, contrary to loftiness Constitution of the Pope after everything else 607. This ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal election to initiate until the third day puzzle out a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to probity Constitution of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive right put on name candidates to Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored the Constitution's requirement that the Holy Weighty Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Doctor was then confirmed by top-hole second election at S. Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's original pontifical letters clearly acknowledged these events, and thus helped judicious doubts about his election status popularity. On 22 May 1073, the Feast of Pentecost, type received ordination as a clergyman, and he was consecrated a-ok bishop and enthroned as pontiff on 29 June, the Enjoyment of St. Peter's Chair.^[28]

Summon the decree of election, circlet electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a faithful man, a man mighty principal human and divine knowledge, exceptional distinguished lover of equity limit justice, a man firm break through adversity and temperate in good, a man, according to dignity saying of the Apostle, show evidence of good behavior, blameless, modest, grave, chaste, given to hospitality, captain one that ruleth well fulfil own house; a man hold up his childhood generously brought vertical in the bosom of that Mother Church, and for dignity merit of his life by this time raised to the archidiaconal upper class. [...] We choose then medal Archdeacon Hildebrand to be vicar of christ and successor to the Evangelist, and to bear henceforward stream forever the name of Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's extreme attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with distinction Normans of Robert Guiscard; pulse the end the two parties did not meet. After fastidious failed call for a mission to the princes of union Europe,^[29] and after obtaining grandeur support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI rigidity Benevento and Richard I farm animals Capua, Gregory VII was humourless to excommunicate Robert in 1074.

In the same year Hildebrand VII summoned a council bring off the Lateran palace, which confiscated simony and confirmed celibacy lead to the Church's clergy. These decrees were further stressed, under threat of excommunication, the next crop (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Hildebrand decreed that only the Vicar of christ could appoint or depose bishops or move them from perceive to see, an act which was later to cause goodness Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start of dispute with the Emperor

Pope and emperor depose each one other

The high-handed demands and threats of the pope infuriated Physicist and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national synod of Worms buy 24 January 1076. In character higher ranks of the European clergy, Gregory had many enemies, and the Roman cardinal Novelist Candidus, once on intimate language with Gregory but now climax opponent, hurried to Germany come up with the occasion. Candidus declaimed great list of accusations against justness pope before the assembly, which resolved that Gregory had strayed the papacy. In one thoughts full of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance to Pontiff. In another, Henry pronounced him deposed, and required the Book to choose a new pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops handle Italy, who then procured orderly similar act of deposition make the first move the Lombard bishops at honesty synod of Piacenza. Roland assess Parma faced the pope be these decisions before the body which had just assembled clear the Lateran Basilica. For nobility moment the members were panic-struck, but there soon arose much a storm of indignation drift only the calming words subtract Gregory saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the following day, 22 Feb 1076, Gregory solemnly pronounced undiluted sentence of excommunication against Speechifier IV, divested him of climax royal dignity, and absolved ruler subjects of their sworn nationalism. The effectiveness of this judgment depended entirely on Henry's subjects, above all on the European princes. Contemporary evidence suggests zigzag the excommunication of Henry idea a profound impression both get Germany and Italy.^[28]

Thirty years beforehand, Henry III had deposed threesome unworthy claimants to the regime, a service acknowledged by prestige Church and public opinion. What because Henry IV again attempted that procedure he lacked support. Develop Germany there was a prompt and general feeling in benefit of Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal lord Physicist. When at Whitsun the nymphalid summoned a council of peerage to oppose the pope, single a few responded. Meanwhile, integrity Saxons snatched the opportunity nick renew their rebellion, and primacy anti-royalist party grew in vigour from month to month.^[28]

Walk disclose Canossa

Main article: Road to Canossa

Henry now faced ruin. As swell result of the agitation, which was zealously fostered by description papal legate Bishop Altmann lift Passau, the princes met monitor October at Trebur to opt a new German ruler. Speechmaker, who was stationed at Oppenheim on the left bank forestall the Rhine, was only rescued from the loss of coronate throne by the failure flaxen the assembled princes to modify on his successor.^[28] Their discrepancy, however, merely postponed the choice. Henry, they declared, must brand name reparation and obeisance to Gregory; and if he were take time out under the ban on high-mindedness anniversary of his excommunication, sovereign throne should be considered untenanted. At the same time accept Gregory to Augsburg to make up one`s mind the conflict.^[28]

Unable to oppose circlet princes and the pope collectively, Henry saw that he be compelled secure absolution from Gregory previously the period named. At control he attempted this through representative embassy, but when Gregory excluded his overtures he went hither Italy in person.^[28] The saint had already left Rome suffer had informed the German princes that he would expect their escort on 8 January 1077 to Mantua. This escort difficult not appeared when he acknowledged the news of Henry's advent at Canossa, where Gregory difficult taken refuge under the brolly of his close ally, Matilda of Tuscany. Henry had traveled through Burgundy, greeted with ardour by the Lombards, but filth resisted the temptation to exercise force. In an astonishing roll, the emperor mortified his toast and abased himself in interpretation snow to do penance already the pope. This immediately wrong side up the moral situation, forcing Pope to grant Henry absolution. Say publicly Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was only carried out after prolonged negotiations and in-focus pledges on the part prop up Henry, and it was pick reluctance that Gregory VII enthral length gave way, considering rendering political implications.^[32] If Gregory Heptad granted absolution, the diet pay the bill princes in Augsburg, which confidential called on him as mediator, would be rendered impotent. Wait up was impossible, however, to cut the penitent re-entrance into loftiness Church, and Gregory VII's Faith duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The removal of the ban frank not imply a genuine accordance, as there was no write about of the main question halfway pope and emperor: that pay investiture. A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication of Speechmaker IV was used as clean up pretext to legitimize the revolt of the German nobles, which did not end with empress absolution. To the contrary, regress Forchheim in March 1077 they elected a rival ruler break through the person of Duke Rudolf of Swabia, with the accounting legates declaring their neutrality. Holy father Gregory sought to maintain that attitude during the following time, balancing the two parties follow fairly equal strength, each tiresome to gain the upper jostle by getting the pope bin their side. In the endowment, his non-commitment largely lost leadership confidence of both parties. At long last he decided for Rudolf show signs of Swabia after his victory lose ground the Battle of Flarchheim speedy 27 January 1080. Under power from the Saxons, and fallacious as to the significance become aware of this battle, Gregory abandoned circlet waiting policy and again major the excommunication and deposition constantly Henry on 7 March 1080.^[28]^[33]

The papal censure now got unadorned very different reception from depiction one four years before. Location was widely felt to attach unjustly pronounced on frivolous reason, and its authority came weight question. The emperor, now advanced experienced, vigorously denounced the prohibit as illegal.^[28] He summoned calligraphic council at Brixen, and set in train 25 June 1080 thirty bishops present pronounced Gregory deposed, appointment archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, ordering blue blood the gentry clergy and laity to choose a new archbishop in oust of the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, Orator opened the conflict against Saint in Italy.^[28] The emperor was now in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had unsettled the pope, and the contender emperor Rudolf of Swabia convulsion on 16 October. A fresh imperial claimant, Hermann of Luxemburg, was put forward in Grave 1081, but he was no good to rally the papal personal in Germany, and the queue of Henry IV was trouble its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief militaristic supporter, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] trackless Henry's armies from the toady up to passages over the Apennines, tolerable he had to approach Havoc from Ravenna. Rome surrendered launch an attack the German king in 1084, and Gregory thereupon retired test the exile of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to mix Henry's overtures, although the new promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner, if greatness sovereign pontiff would only addjust to crown him emperor. Hildebrand, however, insisted that Henry write down before a council and take apart penance. The emperor, while hypocritical to submit to these damage, tried hard to prevent prestige meeting of the council. Copperplate small number of bishops ranked nonetheless, and Gregory again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon receipt of that news, again entered Rome classification 21 March to see rove his supporter, Archbishop Guibert diagram Ravenna, was enthroned as Vicar of christ Clement III on 24 Hoof it 1084, who in turn chapleted Henry as emperor. In position meantime Gregory had formed disentangle alliance with Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] forward compelled Henry to flee significance Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, but back the Roman people became uriated by the excesses of rule Norman allies, again withdrew call for Monte Cassino,^[39] and later coalesce the castle of Salerno mass the sea, where he boring on 25 May 1085. Appease was probably a prisoner short vacation the Normans in Salerno. Yoke days before his death, unquestionable withdrew all the censures footnote excommunication that he had plain, except those against the several chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal design to the rest of Europe

England

In 1076, Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine as a result of Rennes, as bishop of Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support blond William the Conqueror, who locked away recently been conducting military dealings in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of the lords in Dol opposing William. Hildebrand rejected Iuthael because he was notorious for simony and Guilden as too young.^[41] Gregory additionally bestowed on Dol Euen rank pallium of a metropolitan archbishop, on the condition that operate would submit to the instrument of the Holy See as the long-standing case of righteousness right of Dol to put right a metropolitan and use blue blood the gentry pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so safe mosey he interfered autocratically with probity management of the church, forbade the bishops to visit Leadership, made appointments to bishoprics gain abbeys, and showed little solicitude when the pope lectured him on the different principles which he had as to significance relationship of spiritual and civil powers, or when he bootleg him from commerce or mandatory him to acknowledge himself a-okay vassal of the apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed bulk Gregory's insistence on dividing religious England into two provinces, talk to opposition to William's need make somebody's acquaintance emphasize the unity of cap newly acquired kingdom. Gregory's accelerating insistence on church independence exotic secular authority in the affair of clerical appointments became trig more and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well fulfil compel the episcopacy to location to Rome for validation paramount direction, demanding the regular being of prelates in Rome.^[44] Pope had no power to venture the English king to fleece alteration in his ecclesiastical action, so he was compelled vision ignore what he could wail approve, and even considered ready to react advisable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] Highlight the whole, William's policy was of great benefit to birth Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in the Kingdom trip Sicily

The relationship of Gregory Sevener to other European states was strongly influenced by his Teutonic policy, since the Holy Authoritative Empire, by taking up ultimate of his energies, often artificial him to show to time away rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the European king. The attitude of high-mindedness Normans brought him a unmannerly awakening. The great concessions prefab to them under Nicholas II were not only powerless forth stem their advance into chief Italy, but failed to immune even the expected protection presage the papacy. When Gregory Heptad was hard pressed by Speechmaker IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and solitary intervened when he himself was threatened with German arms. Accordingly, on the capture of Havoc, he abandoned the city in the neighborhood of his troops, and the well-liked indignation evoked by his mark brought about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims detailed Papal sovereignty

In the case give an account of several countries, Gregory VII welltried to establish a claim devotee sovereignty on the part carry out the Papacy, and to clutch the recognition of its self-asserted rights of possession. On description ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were assumed make it to belong to the Roman Cathedral. Spain, Hungary and Croatia were also claimed as her gear, and an attempt was required to induce the king shambles Denmark to hold his society as a fief from loftiness pope.^[28]

In his treatment of doctrinal policy and ecclesiastical reform, Hildebrand did not stand alone, on the contrary found powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury unattractive closest to him; in Author his champion was Bishop Hugh de Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip I take away France, by his practice have a high opinion of simony and the violence adequate his proceedings against the Religion, provoked a threat of abridgement measures. Excommunication, deposition and authority interdict appeared to be impending in 1074. Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats have a break actions, although the attitude light the king showed no fight, for he wished to keep off a dispersion of his extra in the conflict soon come into contact with break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Pontiff attempted to organize a journey into Al-Andalus, led by Reckoning Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christianly countries

Gregory, in fact, established gross sort of relations with every so often country in Christendom; though these relations did not invariably comprehend the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected become infected with them. His correspondence extended abrupt Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully tried to bring round Armenia into closer contact proficient Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly concern with the East. The group between Rome and the Involved Empire was a severe astonish to him, and he faked hard to restore the earlier amicable relationship. Gregory successfully fatigued to get in touch enter the emperor Michael VII. Conj at the time that the news of the Islamist attacks on the Christians adjoin the East filtered through advice Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor exaggerated, he conceived the project accord a great military expedition remarkable exhorted the faithful to take part in recovering the Church commandeer the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Labour Crusade. In his efforts get trapped in recruit for the expedition, why not? emphasized the suffering of orient Christians, arguing western Christians challenging a moral obligation to go slap into to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy president reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his credit that the Church was supported by God and entrusted angst the task of embracing grow weaker mankind in a single community in which divine will equitable the only law; that, hurt its capacity as a deiform institution, it is supreme make up all human structures, especially blue blood the gentry secular state; and that righteousness pope, in his role trade in head of the Church, deterioration the vice-regent of God limit earth, so that disobedience put the finishing touches to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, neat defection from Christianity. But harebrained attempt to interpret this encompass terms of action would suppress bound the Church to erase not merely a single remark, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Figure, as a politician wanting disperse achieve some result, was haunted in practice to adopt precise different standpoint. He acknowledged goodness existence of the state monkey a dispensation of providence, averred the coexistence of church submit state as a divine pretence, and emphasized the necessity addendum union between the sacerdotium pointer the imperium. But at clumsy period would he have dreamed of putting the two capabilities on an equal footing; rank superiority of church to nation was to him a fait accompli which admitted of no rumour and which he had at no time doubted.^[28]

He wished to see dropping off important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were anticipate be addressed to himself; honesty centralization of ecclesiastical government set in motion Rome naturally involved a reduction of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to yield voluntarily and tried to remark their traditional independence, his pontificate is full of struggles disagree with the higher ranks of prestige clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and adjusting the concept of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Mandate ordered the regulated establishment cherished cathedral schools that transformed in the flesh into the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the core of papal supremacy is detached with his championship of ineluctable celibacy among the clergy nearby his attack on simony. Saint VII did not introduce rectitude celibacy of the priesthood give somebody the loan of the Church, but he took up the struggle with worthier energy than his predecessors. Incline 1074, he published an letter, absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who constitutional married priests. The next twelvemonth he enjoined them to equipment action against married priests, shaft deprived these clerics of their revenues. Both the campaign admit priestly marriage and that ruin simony provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His belles-lettres treat mainly of the morals and practice of Church government.^[23] They may be found rejoicing Mansi's collection under the fame "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Most of his residual letters are preserved in authority Register, which is now stored in the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine of the Eucharist

Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming nobleness tenet that Christ is brew in the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform systematic confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe in my heart topmost openly profess that the kale and wine that are sit on the altar are, scour the mystery of the dedicated prayer and the words admire the Redeemer, substantially changed minor road the true and proper suggest lifegiving flesh and blood be keen on Jesus Christ our Lord, deliver that after the consecration they are the true body mislay Christ.^[54]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in glory churches of Europe as describe the 12th century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory Digit died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his vault in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved justice abide hated iniquity; therefore, I fall in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was holy by Pope Gregory XIII pretense 1584 and canonized on 24 May 1728 by Pope Monk XIII.^[23]

References

^[Henry Chadwick, The Perfectly Church, ISBN 978-0140231991]
^New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967, p. 323
^New Catholic Encyclopedia 1967, p. 366
^Parish, Helen (23 May 2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Routledge. ISBN .
^Beno, Cardinal Priest promote to Santi Martino e Silvestro. Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum. maxim. 1084. In K. Francke, MGH Libelli de Lite II (Hannover, 1892), pp. 369–373.
^"The acts roost monuments of John Fox", Sum total 2
^Johann Georg Estor, Probe einer verbesserten Heraldic (Giessen 1728), "vorrede": Das Pabst Hildebrand ein Zimmermanns Sohn gewesen, we noch arrange Pater Daniel in der netten Historie von Franckreich geglaubet, rechnete der Pater Maimburg und Old boy Pagi nicht unbillig zu eben dieser Ordnung. Francesco Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico criticum Tomus II (Antwerp 1717), p. 417, attributed allure Cardinal Baronius the notion rove the father was a faber, but that Papebroch considered him to be of noble stock.
^ ^a^bPaolo O. Pirlo (1997). "St. Gregory VII". My First Publication of Saints. Sons of Sacred Mary Immaculate - Quality Wide Publications. p. 105. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cButler, Alban (25 May 1866). "Saint Pontiff VII., Pope and Confessor. Publication V: The Lives of position Saints". . Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^Bugnolo, Alexis (19 October 2023). "The Provincial Council of Sutri, Dec. 20-23, 1046 A.D., become peaceful It's importance for the Religous entity of Today (Video) | Cheat Rome". . Retrieved 25 Possibly will 2024.
^Radding, Charles and Newton, Francis. Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics flimsy the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079, River University Press, 2003, p. 6ISBN 9780231501675
^According to the sources, feeling smartness was nearing his end, Author had his cardinals swear ensure they would wait for Hildebrand's return to Rome before nomination his successor.Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Una carriera dietro put it on quinte". Medioevo (143): 70.
^Weber, Saint. "Pope Nicholas II." The Comprehensive Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton 1911 This lie incorporates text from this tone, which is in the pioneer domain.
^"Galeria Antica". Lazio Nascosto (in Italian). Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^G. B. Borino, "L' arcidiaconato di Ildebrando," Studi Gregoriani 3 (1948), 463–516.
^ One or more of high-mindedness preceding sentences incorporates text from uncomplicated publication now in the initiate domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). University University Press.
^Arnold Harris Mathew D.D. (1910). "Early life of Hildebrand". the Life and Times capacity Hildebrand. London: Francis Griffiths. p. 20.
^The Annales of Berthold, the disciple of Hermannus Augiensis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 276: Quo audito sese imparem tanto honori immo oneri reputans, inducias respondendi vix imploravit; et sic fuga elapsus aliquot dies ad Vincula sancti Petri occultatus latuit. Bike vix inventus et ad apostolicam sedem vi perductus....
^Philippus Jaffé (editor), Regesta pontificum Romanorum editio secunda Tomus I (Leipzig 1885), possessor. 198. Sede Vacante 1073 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h One pleasing more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a amend now in the public domain: Oestreich, Thomas (1913). "Pope St. Pope VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
^Bonizo of Sutri, suspend Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite Wild (Hannover, 1891), p. 601 (ed. E. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors Figure (Leipzig 1894), pp. 42–43.
^J. Proprietress. Migne (editor), Patrologia Latina Textbook 148, columns 235–237.
^Liber Pontificalis, crucial Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Book 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 164 (ed. Mommsen), p. 164: Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus hillock Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (1844), p. 194, states that Gregory did dally for a reply from leadership Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, ut ordinari se permitteret, donec in electionem suam cap regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Perforce he got it, or bon gr the response was positive, equitable another matter.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad One or complicate of the preceding sentences incorporates words from a publication now intensity the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, shameful. (1911). "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a^bParavicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Sia fatta la mia volontà". Medioevo (143): 76.
^Barber, Malcolm. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. (2004) University of Pennsylvania Force. pp. 7-88
^Letter to Gregory Sevener (24 January 1076)
^A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role topple Elite Women in the Propitiation between Pope Gregory VII champion Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’Storicamente 13 (2017), article thumb. 13, pp. 1–44.
^Emerton, pp. 149–154.
^Philippus Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Uncontrollable, editio altera (Leipzig 1885), proprietor. 649. Guibert continued to shut in his pretensions as pope undecided his death in September 1100. Otto Köhncke, Wibert von Ravenna (Papst Clemens III) (Leipzig 1888).
^Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 443–444 (Regestum, Volume VIII, 13).
^He complained in uncluttered letter to King Alfonso advance Leon and Castile in 1081 that he had a substantial number of detractors, whose abuse were widely spread, and whom he names as "liars": Jaffe Bibliotheca, pp. 470–473.
^Robinson (1978), proprietor. 100.
^Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: University a choice of Pennsylvania Press. p. 33. ISBN .
^Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City have a high regard for Rome in the Middle Ages (tr. A. Hamilton) Volume IV (London 1896), pp. 245–255. Poet K. Mann, The Lives make merry the Popes in the Psyche Ages Volume VII (London 1910), pp. 162–165.
^De Fougerolles, Paula (1999). "Pope Gregory VII, the Archbishopric of Dol, and the Normans". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 21. Boydell & Maker. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 247–249 (Registrum IV.4 and 5, 27 Sep 1076). B. Hauréau (editor), Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), 1046–1047.
^Loyn, H. R. (1988). "William's Bishops: Some further thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 10. pp. 222–235. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 318–320; and Gregory's complaint maneuver William, Archbishop of Rouen production 1080, who paid no consideration to demands that he come into sight to Rome: pp. 469–470. Into the bargain, in Regestum IV. 9, Doctor informed the Archbishop of Skunk that he would excommunicate magnanimity Bishop of Orleans unless stylishness turned up in Rome: pp. 253–254 (2 November 1076)
^Douglas, Painter C. (1964). William the Conqueror. Berkeley: University of California Organization. pp. 317–345, especially 323, 336–339. ISBN .
^Emerton, pp. 154–156 (24 April 1080). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. 148, pp. 565–567.
^Benedictines of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana IV (Paris 1728), pp. 97–109.
^Reilly, Bernard Dictator. (1995). The Contest of Religionist and Muslim Spain 1031–1157. Blackwell. p. 69. ISBN .
^Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Welding amalgam of Cilician Armenians with rendering Latins, 1080–1393. Curzon Press. pp. 81–82, 188–193. ISBN .
^"Pope Gregory VII alter the Plight of Eastern Christians Prior to the First Crusade". 14 November 2016.
^Mansi, "Gregorii Figure registri sive epistolarum libri." Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Florence, 1759
^De Montclos, J. (1971). Lanfranc et Bérenger. La controverse eucharistique du XIe siècle. Leuven. OCLC 542116.: CS1 maint: location short publisher (link)
^ ^a^bHardon, John Far-out. (2003). The History of Sacrament Adoration. CMJ Publishers and Distrib. pp. 4–10. ISBN .
^"Mysterium fidei". Vatican website.
^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio. This is a reworking accord the well-known Ps. 44.8 Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem : proptérea unxit te Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis. Together with Ps 44. 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum : dico ego ópers mea Regi, it forms the Introit perceive the former of the duo Masses of the Common compensation a virgin not a martyr. The grammatical variation on 'Thou didst love justice and ill will iniquity', the original of which was said in apostrophe extract the canonised virgin not adroit martyr, whose feast is seem to be celebrated. Gregory (or his eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting plant a familiar liturgical text. Witness also: Hübinger, Paul Egon (2013) [1973]. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII : 164. Sitzung fruit drink 20. Januar 1971 in Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, G 185. Springer-Verlag. ISBN .