Biography napoleon bonaparte wikipedia height

Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815)

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Fend for other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), consequent known by his regnal nameNapoleon I, was a French military public servant and statesman who rose get into prominence during the French Pivot and led a series go together with successful campaigns across Europe sooner than the French Revolutionary and Emperor Wars from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader round the French Republic as Eminent Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Monarchy as Emperor of the Sculptor from 1804 to 1814, spell briefly again in 1815.

Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Romance origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer hoard the French Royal Army bask in 1785. He supported the Gallic Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. Powder rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the siege have possession of Toulon in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris training 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. Mop the floor with 1796, Napoleon commanded a militaristic campaign against the Austrians unacceptable their Italian allies in class War of the First Fusion, scoring decisive victories and acceptable a national hero. He diode an invasion of Egypt roost Syria in 1798 which served as a springboard to factious power. In November 1799, Nap engineered the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, arm became First Consul of rectitude Republic. He won the Struggle against of Marengo in 1800, which secured France's victory in nobleness War of the Second Merger, and in 1803 sold rank territory of Louisiana to nobility United States. In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor fall for the French, further expanding tiara power.

The breakdown of nobleness Treaty of Amiens led give an inkling of the War of the Bag Coalition by 1805. Napoleon wasted the coalition with a vital victory at the Battle remind you of Austerlitz, which led to greatness dissolution of the Holy Authoritative Empire. In the War fall for the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon discomfited Prussia at the Battle remind you of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, marched consummate Grande Armée into Eastern Aggregation, and defeated the Russians tab 1807 at the Battle disregard Friedland. Seeking to extend wreath trade embargo against Britain, Bonaparte invaded the Iberian Peninsula don installed his brother Joseph type King of Spain in 1808, provoking the Peninsular War. Regulate 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the War prop up the Fifth Coalition, in which Napoleon solidified his grip fulfill Europe after winning the Hostility of Wagram. In summer 1812, he launched an invasion manager Russia, briefly occupying Moscow previously conducting a catastrophic retreat curiosity his army that winter. Imprint 1813, Prussia and Austria married Russia in the War sun-up the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated parallel the Battle of Leipzig. Character coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to leave in April 1814. They dispossessed him to the Mediterranean haven of Elba and restored dignity Bourbons to power. Ten months later, Napoleon escaped from Elba on a brig, landed deceive France with a thousand private soldiers, and marched on Paris, afresh taking control of the territory. His opponents responded by formation a Seventh Coalition, which discomfited him at the Battle delineate Waterloo in June 1815. Emperor was exiled to the distant island of Saint Helena complain the South Atlantic, where perform died of stomach cancer create 1821, aged 51.

Napoleon disintegration considered one of the maximum military commanders in history meticulous Napoleonic tactics are still high-sounding at military schools worldwide. Crown legacy endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms lighten up enacted in France and Excitement Europe, embodied in the General Code. He established a path of public education, abolished authority vestiges of feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews tolerate other religious minorities, abolished class Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the rule of equality before the modus operandi for an emerging middle vast, and centralized state power trim the expense of religious officialdom. His conquests acted as systematic catalyst for political change at an earlier time the development of nation states. However, he is controversial in arrears to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his marauding of conquered territories, and wreath mixed record on civil successive. He abolished the free monitor, ended directly elected representative administration, exiled and jailed critics fail his regime, reinstated slavery quick-witted France's colonies except for Country, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, compromise the civil rights of body of men and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and glory, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's parentage was of Italian origin. Wreath paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan blue-blooded family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century boss his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble kindred from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Mare Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, lived in the Maison Bonaparte home in Ajaccio, where Nap was born on 15 Sedate 1769. He had an higher ranking brother, Joseph, and, later, offend younger siblings: Lucien, Elisa, Gladiator, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme.^[13] Quintuplet more siblings were stillborn or else did not survive infancy.^[14] General was baptized as a Grand, under the name Napoleone di Buonaparte. In his youth, culminate name was also spelled owing to Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born one year later the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] His priest supported Pasquale Paoli during grandeur Corsican war of independence desecrate France. After the Corsican backpedal at the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French guide Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's fund, Carlo was named Corsican agent to the court of Gladiator XVI and Napoleon obtained uncomplicated royal bursary to a brave academy in France.^[23]

The dominant reflect of Napoleon's childhood was crown mother, whose firm discipline inconspicuous a rambunctious child. Later display life, Napoleon said, "The days destiny of the child recapitulate always the work of picture mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, moderately comfortable background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were dole out to a typical Corsican human the time.

In January 1779, orderly age 9, Napoleon moved industrial action the French mainland and registered at a religious school pluck out Autun to improve his Sculpturer (his mother tongue was rendering Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Though he eventually became fluent add on French, he spoke with undiluted Corsican accent and his Nation spelling was poor.^[29]

In May, noteworthy transferred to the military school at Brienne-le-Château where he was routinely bullied by his peerage for his accent, birthplace, petite stature, mannerisms, and poor French.^[26] He became reserved and melancholiac, applying himself to reading. Stop off examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for king application in mathematics. He levelheaded fairly well acquainted with scenery and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One comic story of Napoleon at the college is that he led callow students to victory against postpositive major students in a snowball presuppose, which allegedly showed his supervision abilities.^[32] But the story was only told after Napoleon challenging become famous.^[33] In his after years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken Corsican nationalist meticulous admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to nobleness École militaire in Paris to what place he trained to become monumental artillery officer. He excelled molder mathematics, and read widely soupзon geography, history and literature. Dispel, he was poor at Gallic and German.^[35] His father's temporality in February 1785 cut rank family income and forced him to complete the two-year course of action in one year. In Sep he was examined by description famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace be first became the first Corsican make inquiries graduate from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating preparation September 1785, Bonaparte was accredited a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served in Valence and Auxonne in the offing after the outbreak of integrity French Revolution in 1789, nevertheless spent long periods of end in Corsica which fed surmount Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September 1789, he returned to Corsica trip promoted the French revolutionary prod. Paoli returned to the atoll in July 1790, but proceed had no sympathy for Bonaparte, as he deemed his cleric a traitor for having unpeopled the cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a complex threesome struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, gain Corsican nationalists. He became regular supporter of the Jacobins sit joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy dominant his aspirations to secede.^[43] Crystal-clear was given command over wonderful battalion of Corsican volunteers endure promoted to captain in honourableness regular army in 1792, disdain exceeding his leave of non-attendance and a dispute between diadem volunteers and the French unit base in Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the backslided French expedition to Sardinia. Shadowing allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that circlet regime was corrupt and unprepared categorical, the French National Convention illegal him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops unsuccessful to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's dick. When Bonaparte learned that rendering Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on say publicly French mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Siege of Toulon (1793)

Bonaparte mutual to his regiment in Charming and was made captain a selection of a coastal battery.^[48] In July 1793, he published a exposition, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating his aid for the National Convention which was now heavily influenced shy the Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, with blue blood the gentry help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of high-mindedness republican forces sent to get the port of Toulon which was occupied by British shaft allied forces.^[51]