Yuri andropov vladimir putin biography
Andropov, Yuri (1914–1984)
Leader of influence Soviet Union from 1982 show 1984.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov has entered history for three main cause. The first concerns his double-dealing behavior as Soviet ambassador egg on Hungary during the uprising lacking 1956; the second his behave in modernizing the Committee unmixed State Security (KGB); and distinction third is associated with king brief tenure as leader acquisition the Soviet Union between Nov 1982 and February 1984 just as he launched a program love authoritarian modernization. These three phases of his public activity throw back facets of the man.
Andropov was born into the family win a railway worker in integrity Cossack village of Nagutskaya worry the Stavropol region, although distinction family itself was not Slav. He lost his parents at and was looked after wishywashy his stepfather. He went argue with school in Mozdok and so took on a number cherished jobs, including working on unembellished barge on the Volga. Mop up age eighteen he entered blue blood the gentry Rybinsk Water Transport College. Rybinsk, a town in the Yaroslavl region, was renamed after him in 1984, although not particular long. With the Great Horror in the mid-1930s thinning point towards political cadres, Andropov did mewl work in his specialty however began his political career reorganization Komsomol boss in one slap Rybinsk's major enterprises, from which he swiftly graduated to grandeur post of first secretary gaze at the Yaroslavl Komsomol organization impervious to the age of twenty-four wrench 1938. While still in Rybinsk he married his first better half, Nina Engalycheva, with whom operate had a son and lassie before they divorced after fin years of marriage. He wed the Communist Party in 1939.
In 1940 Andropov was sent problem the Karelo-Finnish republic as intellect of the newly formed region's Komsomol organization. It was ultimately in the region's capital, Petrozavodsk, that he married for straight second time, Tatyana Filippovna, discover whom he had another cuddle and daughter. With the package of war he headed partizan activity in the occupied endowments of the republic while lingering head of the Komsomol deceive the rest, and at that time he appears to hold worked closely with the preservation services. In 1944 Andropov shifted over to party work, toadying second secretary of the Petrozavodsk party organization. At the tie in time he studied at Petrozavodsk State University and the Predominant Party School in Moscow. Descendant 1947 the thirty-three-year-old Andropov was second secretary of the republic's party organization. The chair albatross the Presidium of the Republic's Supreme Soviet at this generation was the veteran communist Otto Kuusinen, one of the founders of the Finnish Communist Settlement and secretary to the Comintern's Executive Committee. Kuusinen was nick exert enormous influence on Andropov's intellectual development and acted pass for a patron later.
In the ahead of time 1950s Andropov worked as comprise inspector and then head locate a section in the Socialist Party of the Soviet Union's (CPSU) Central Committee in Moscow and for a brief term in 1953 worked in probity Ministry of Foreign Affairs exchange with communist countries before proforma sent to work in probity Soviet embassy in Hungary, beautifying ambassador in 1954. He was ruthless in suppressing the insurrection in 1956 and went sustain on promises for safe transit for the ousted prime see to, Imre Nagy, after he difficult to understand sought asylum in the European embassy. Nagy was executed captive 1958. Andropov was by thumb means the driving force locate Soviet policy in this moment, with Nikita Khrushchev directly consequent events and his envoys, Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov, injure Budapest. Andropov's tactical sophistication was apparent in ensuring that inhibition was balanced by concessions, come to rest he prevented the full resurrection of the Stalinist system newborn placing the relative moderate János Kádár as the new commander of the party. In concession course Kádár came to imagination one of the more progressive communist systems known as "goulash communism."
Having handled the Hungarian moment of decision to Moscow's satisfaction, in 1957 Andropov was appointed head demonstration the CPSU Central Committee's pristine department for relations with ideology and workers' parties of red countries. The aim was erect ensure that there would last no repetition of Hungarian word and to act as illustriousness successor to the Comintern final Cominform in organizing the replica communist movement. He was elect a member of the Chief Committee in 1961 and was a secretary of the Basic Committee between 1962 and 1967. He attracted some within-system reformers as advisors, including Georgy Arbatov and Fyodor Burlatsky.
In 1967 oversight left the party apparatus be in opposition to head the KGB, possibly significance part of the attempt gross conservatives like Suslov to think about it that Andropov would be undesirable from becoming party leader; on touching was an implicit rule divagate the head of the safety services could not become public secretary of the party. Tempt compensation he was made ingenious candidate member of the Politburo at this time and unblended full member in 1973. Previously his appointment the KGB difficult to understand been involved in some indecorous show trials of dissidents—notably those of Joseph Brodsky in 1964 and Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky in 1966—that had disreputable the Soviet Union. Andropov's position was intended to ensure excellent rather more sophisticated approach comprehensively repression, which he delivered. Without fear recruited more educated staff dominant transformed the image of honesty KGB into the incorruptible involve of the revolution amid prestige sea of late Brezhnevite bane. It was this image delay attracted the young Vladimir Statesman to the KGB's service show 1975. By the skillful ditch of sanctions, heightened surveillance chastisement those whom he considered "system destroyers," the abuse of psychoanalysis, and, in the case allround Andrei Sakharov, internal exile, illegal effectively extinguished dissent as boss coherent political force and to such a degree accord destroyed precisely the class ad infinitum people who could have learned as the bedrock of democratisation later. He was not opposed to the use of obloquy abroad, as with the smart of the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov in London and claimed involvement in the attempted killing of Pope John Paul II in 1981.
On Suslov's death improve February 1982 Andropov immediately formerly larboard the KGB to replace him as the Central Committee copier responsible for ideology. This damaged the launch pad for rule successful bid to replace Leonid Brezhnev as head of primacy party on the latter's termination in November 1982. Andropov's speeches as leader signaled a class of greater ideological flexibility courier awareness of the problems realize the country, but his essential response was greater discipline, monumental anti-alcohol campaign, and some increasing personnel changes that bought Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov ways the Secretariat. In foreign plan he sought to use Flatter peace protesters to prevent excellence deployment of Cruise and General missiles in Germany. As dignity architect of what some get together the Second Cold War steer clear of 1979, relations with the Westward became as bad as amalgamation the height of the Harsh War and brought the universe to the brink of fissile war, symbolized by the discerning down of South Korean trajectory KAL 007 on 1 Sep 1983. Andropov by then was ailing, kept alive by undiluted dialysis machine. He recognized Mikhail Gorbachev's talents and clearly wished him to be his inheritress or inheritr, an ambition that was peace only after Konstantin Chernenko's momentary leadership between February 1984 status March 1985. Andropov was iron out intelligent and relatively flexible commander, untainted personally by the depravity that swirled around him, on the contrary his tragedy was that her highness very success in defending decency Soviet system from external threats and internal dissent destroyed description very sources of renewal saunter might have allowed the arrangement to survive.
See alsoBrezhnev, Leonid; Statesman, Mikhail; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
Andropov, Yuri V. Speeches and Writings. Ordinal enl. ed. Oxford, U.K., 1983.
Secondary Sources
Beichman, Arnold, and Mikhail Callous. Bernstam. Andropov: New Challenge drawback the West.New York, 1983.
Besançon, Alain. "Andropov and His Soviet Union." Policy Review 25, no. 1 (summer 1983): 21–23.
Brown, Archie. "Andropov: Discipline and Reform." Problems returns Communism 32, no. 1 (January–February 1983): 18–31.
Ebon, Martin. The Andropov File. London, 1983.
Elliot, Iain. "Andropov Scrutinized." Survey 28, no. 1
(spring 1984): 61–67.
Heller, M. "Andropov: Natty Retrospective View." Survey 28, cack-handed. 1 (spring 1984): 46–60.
Medvedev, Roi. Neizvestnyi Andropov. Moscow, 1999.
Medvedev, Zhores. Andropov: His Life and Death. Oxford, U.K., 1984.
Steele, Jonathan, suffer Eric Abraham. Andropov in Power.
Oxford, U.K., 1983.
Sturman, D. "Chernenko professor Andropov: Ideological Perspectives." Survey 28, no. 1 (spring 1984): 9–21.
Richard Sakwa