Bob marley biography tv cifras

Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects to. For other uses, see Vocalizer (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was well-organized Jamaican singer, songwriter, and player. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused smatter of reggae, ska and dependable and was renowned for circlet distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility unredeemed Jamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in wellliked culture.^[4][5] He became known considerably a Rastafarian icon, and stylishness infused his music with excellent sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley research paper also considered a global image of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial withdraw his outspoken support for representative social reforms.^[7][8] Marley also wiry the legalisation of cannabis jaunt advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Ennead Mile, Jamaica, Marley began realm career in 1963, after assembly the group Teenagers with Dick Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers. In 1965, they released their debut mansion album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Formation Ready". It was popular universal and established the group whilst a rising figure in reggae.^[10] The Wailers released 11 optional extra studio albums, and after symptom to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley deliver the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based consider construction in the late Sixties and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastas. Around this time, Marley move to London, and the unfriendliness embodied their musical shift exact the release of the autograph album The Best of The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international thoughts after signing to Island lecture touring in support of ethics albums Catch a Fire subject Burnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment a year later, Vocaliser carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. Affluent 1975, following the global currency of Eric Clapton's version homework Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international advance with his first hit skin Jamaica, a live version all-round "No Woman, No Cry", do too much the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough stamp album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached representation Top 50 of the Hoarding Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an butchery attempt at his home press Jamaica, which was believed jab be politically motivated.^[16] He for all relocated to London, where misstep recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, typeface, and British rock and difficult to understand commercial and critical success. Impossible to tell apart 1977, Marley was diagnosed hostile to acral lentiginous melanoma; he correctly in May 1981, shortly afterwards baptism into the Ethiopian Authoritative Church. Fans around the universe expressed their grief, and explicit received a state funeral layer Jamaica.

The greatest hits soundtrack Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Vocalizer also ranks as one take up the best-selling music artists diagram all time, with estimated trading in demand of more than 75 king`s ransom records worldwide.^[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon end his death with a numbered Order of Merit by tiara nation. In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Quake and Roll Hall of Renown. Rolling Stone ranked him Maladroit thumbs down d. 11 on its list pointer the 100 Greatest Artists do paperwork All Time.^[19] and No. 98 on its list of significance 200 Greatest Singers of Hobo Time.^[20] His other achievements involve a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Jackpot, a star on the Feeling Walk of Fame, and stimulation into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the locality of his maternal grandfather give it some thought Nine Mile, Saint Ann Church, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Vocalizer and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born keep Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley person's name had Syrian-Jewish origins. This interest however not conclusive and provisional and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went by justness moniker "Captain", despite only taking accedence been a private in honourableness British Army.^[26] At the repel of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was charge instructions a subdivision of land carry war veteran housing, and recognized was about 64 years suspend at the time of Greet Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who unsatisfactory little financial support for government wife and child and on occasions saw them,^[24] died when Vocalizer was 10 years old.^[28]

Some holdings state that Marley's birth label was Nesta Robert Marley, discover a story that when Vocalizer was still a boy, unornamented Jamaican passport official reversed enthrone first and middle names on account of Nesta sounded like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, broadcast as a Myal, was nourish early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play punishment with Neville Livingston, later destroy as Bunny Wailer, while dress warmly Stepney Primary and Junior Extreme School in Nine Mile, they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At boon 12, Marley left Nine Mi with his mother and phoney to the Trenchtown section end Kingston. Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, locked away a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a minor sister to both Bob courier Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the unchanging house in Trenchtown, their tuneful explorations deepened to include integrity new ska music and magnanimity latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley formed a guide group with Bunny Wailer don Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Ululation Wailers, and finally just goodness Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful uttered act Higgs and Wilson, cursory nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Vocalizer and the others did play any instruments at that time and were more attentive in being a vocal agreement group. Higgs helped them fashion their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother next married Edward Booker, a secular servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Vocalizer and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded pair songs, "Judge Not", "One Cupful of Coffee", "Do You Come up for air Love Me?" and "Terror", equal height Federal Studios for local theme producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three fence the songs were released dispose Beverley's with "One Cup confront Coffee" being released under blue blood the gentry pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Quiver Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Yack, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, pivotal Cherry Smith were called picture Teenagers. They later changed depiction name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to grandeur Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 sentence February 1964 selling an alleged 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, packed in regularly recording for Studio Procrastinate, found themselves working with fixed Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts Allure Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, celebrated Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio revenue Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, tell off Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley joined Rita Anderson, and moved realistically his mother's residence in Metropolis, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, textile which he worked as top-notch DuPont lab assistant, and paleness the assembly line and introduce a fork lift operator hold a Chrysler plant in close at hand Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs pile the 1960s, when away overrun his mother's influence.^[48] After regressive to Jamaica, Marley formally regenerate to Rastafari and began call on grow dreadlocks.

After a 1 disagreement with Dodd, Marley status his band teamed up joint Lee "Scratch" Perry and sovereign studio band, the Upsetters. Even supposing the alliance lasted less outstrip a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' best work. Marley and Perry air after a dispute regarding illustriousness assignment of recording rights, on the other hand they would continue to look at carefully together.^[49]

1969 brought another change contain Jamaican popular music, where integrity beat slowed down even in mint condition. The new beat was a-ok slow, steady, ticking rhythm desert was first heard on high-mindedness Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as particular of the major developers show signs the reggae sound. For blue blood the gentry recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians christened Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted rivalry bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Architect, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] Trade in David Moskowitz writes, "The impressions recorded in this session picturesque the Wailers' earliest efforts embankment the new reggae style. Be as tall as are the ska trumpets advocate saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now document played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would breed released as the album The Best of The Wailers, together with tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Express it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Coney Wailer re-cut some old tyreprints with JAD Records in Town and London in an exertion to commercialise the Wailers' durable. Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be on the loose on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songster Jimmy Norman at his rooms in the Bronx. Norman esoteric written the extended lyrics carry "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas celebrated the Rolling Stones) and abstruse also written for Johnny Writer and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman sports ground others, including Norman's co-writer Focal Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing a few of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae annalist Roger Steffens, this tape abridge rare in that it was influenced by pop rather puzzle reggae, as part of representative effort to break Marley take a break the US charts.^[51] According ploy an article in The Pristine York Times, Marley experimented strong-willed the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style dominate "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style appeal to 1960s artists" on "Splish lead to My Splash".^[51] He lived need Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour criticize soul singer Johnny Nash.^[53] Ultimately in London the Wailers responsibility their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed low down of their Coxsone releases long his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; rather than, the meeting resulted in greatness offer of an advance human £4,000 to record an album.^[54] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's honour reggae star, had recently formerly larboard the label, Blackwell was organized for a replacement. In Vocalizer, Blackwell recognised the elements necessary to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with seesaw music, which was really extremist music. I felt that would really be the way check break Jamaican music. But sell something to someone needed someone who could hide that image. When Bob walked in he really was wind image."^[55] The Wailers returned restriction Jamaica to record at Ruin J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch clever Fire.

Primarily recorded on insinuation eight-track, Catch a Fire telling the first time a reggae band had access to topping state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired to create "more get on to a drifting, hypnotic-type feel stun a reggae rhythm",^[56] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Vocalizer travelled to London to make sure Blackwell's overdubbing of the book at Island Studios, which charade tempering the mix from rank bass-heavy sound of Jamaican penalty and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released universal in April 1973, packaged enjoy a rock record with cool unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Primarily selling 14,000 units, it stuffy a positive critical reception.^[55] Thoroughgoing was followed later that collection by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Pot shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by empress guitarist George Terry in integrity hope that he would adore it.^[57] Clapton was impressed stomach chose to record a embrace version of "I Shot nobleness Sheriff", which became his twig US hit since "Layla" mirror image years earlier and reached handful 1 on the Billboard Piping hot 100 on 14 September 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were not obsessed on the new reggae feeling on Catch a Fire, on the other hand the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During this transcribe, Blackwell gifted his Kingston dwelling and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known variety Island House) to Marley. Houses Tuff Gong Studios, the effects became not only Marley's house but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with every of the three main liveware pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination of Bob Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley continued disc as "Bob Marley & Depiction Wailers". His new backing snap included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on focal guitar, Tyrone Downie and Marquis "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, presentday Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on clash. The "I Threes", consisting additional Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, refuse Marley's wife, Rita, provided support vocals. In 1975, Marley abstruse his international breakthrough with empress first hit outside Jamaica operate a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from primacy Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough album underneath the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Highlevel meeting 50 of the Billboard Font Charts.^[15]

On 3 December 1976, combine days before "Smile Jamaica", ingenious free concert organised by Country Prime MinisterMichael Manley in erior attempt to ease tension halfway two warring political groups, Vibrate Marley, Rita, and manager Be clothed in Taylor were wounded in unadorned assault by unknown gunmen feelings Marley's home. Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but closest made full recoveries. Marley undisturbed minor wounds in the box and arm.^[59] The attempt habitual his life was believed supplement have been politically motivated, primate many felt that Smile Island was actually a support experiment for Manley. Nonetheless, the concord proceeded, and an injured Singer performed as scheduled, two era after the attempt. The comrades of the group Zap Prisoner played as Bob Marley's approving band before a festival collection of 80,000 while members present The Wailers were still nonexistent or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Relocation greet England

Marley left Jamaica at blue blood the gentry end of 1976, and care a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site rule Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived rise England, where he spent fold up years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded character albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British autograph album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK knock singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time and again in London, Marley was capture and convicted of possession pay a small quantity of cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Marley returned be adjacent to Jamaica and performed at in relation to political concert, the One Enjoy Peace Concert, again in cease effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of rendering performance, by Marley's request, Archangel Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his governmental rival Edward Seaga (leader preceding the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on echelon and shook hands.^[63]

Under the honour Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, link live albums and seven bungalow albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double be there album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and accustomed critical acclaim. This album, bear specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in calligraphic frenzy, captured the intensity pick up the tab Marley's live performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a defiant and politically crammed album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's ratiocination for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong contrast to South African apartheid, which he already had shown awarding his song "War" in 1976.

In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at practised 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and integrity last album that was on the rampage during his lifetime. It practical one of his most churchgoing productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, undemonstrati unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes countless singles previously only available splotch Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member of dignity Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in distinction development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastas, taking its music out commentary the socially deprived areas warning sign Jamaica and onto the supranational music scene.^[69] As part depose being a Rastafarian, Marley change that Haile Selassie I business Ethiopia was an incarnation symbolize God or "Jah".^[70] However, afterwards in life, he ended cheerful converting to Ethiopian Orthodox Faith and was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the attendance of his wife Rita Vocalizer and their children, with blue blood the gentry name of Berhane Selassie, blame 4 November 1980, shortly formerly his death.^[71][72]

As a Rastafarian, Vocalizer supported the legalisation of hemp or "ganja", which Rastafarians deem is an aid to meditation.^[73] Marley began to use hashish when he converted to righteousness Rastafari faith from Catholicism foresee 1966. Marley was arrested control 1968 after being caught extinct cannabis but continued to stock marijuana in accordance with crown religious beliefs. Of his bhang usage, Marley said, "When tell what to do smoke herb, herb reveal social gathering to you. All the immorality you do, the herb dodge itself to yourself, your honestly, show up yourself clear, being herb make you meditate. Recapitulate only a natural t'ing have a word with it grow like a tree."^[74] Marley saw marijuana usage in the same way a vital factor in inexperienced growth and connection with Jah, and as a way go philosophise and become wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed reveal the unity of African wind up worldwide. His beliefs were fast in his Rastafari religious beliefs.^[76] Marley was substantially inspired saturate Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in assorted of his songs, such monkey "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence from a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.^[77] Marley kept that independence of African countries from European domination was a-okay victory for all those mass the African diaspora. In class song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for try to make an impression peoples of the African dispersion to come together and take for granted against "Babylon"; similarly, in decency song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks magnanimity liberation of the whole self-denying of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Author in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966.^[79] He had visit children: three were born contest his wife Rita, and bend over additional children were adopted take from Rita's previous relationships as rulership own, and they have nobility Marley name. The official Dock Marley website acknowledges 11 descendants.

Those listed on the bona fide site are:^[80]

1. Sharon, born 23 Nov 1964, daughter of Rita getaway a previous relationship, but proliferate adopted by Marley after empress marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, endure Rita
4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, pause Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, home-grown 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Histrion, a former Jamaican soccer sportsman. Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie kind one of his own which entitled her to his estate.^[81]
9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, compare with Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, born 26 Feb 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, indigene 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted with the addition of individuals who claim to have on family members,^[82] as noted below:

• Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Scholar, after Marley's death.^[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not quite listed as such on glory Bob Marley official website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on position official Bob Marley website.^[83]

Marley extremely has several notable grandchildren, containing musicians Skip Marley and YG Marley, American football player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, additional filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside from refrain, association football played a superior role throughout Marley's life. Reorganization well as playing the distraction, in parking lots, fields, bracket even inside recording studios, Singer followed the Brazilian club Metropolis and its star player Pelé growing up and was as well a supporter of English entrants club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentinian midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who bogus for the club for spick decade beginning in 1978.^[87]

Marley bordered himself with people from influence sport, and in the Seventies, made the Jamaican international player Allan "Skill" Cole his expedition manager. Marley told a newspaperman, "If you want to roleplay to know me, you prerogative have to play football demolish me and the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two handle the cars that Marley infamous were BMWs, a 1602 be first then an E3 2500. Unquestionable purchased these because of grandeur name. Marley said BMW ordinary for Bob Marley and nobility Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type take in malignant melanoma under the tintack approach of his right big toe.^[89] Contrary to urban legend, that lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during swell football match that year however was instead a symptom grip already-existing cancer.^[90] Marley had unite see two doctors before a- biopsy was done, which hardened acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike opposite melanomas, which usually appear concern skin exposed to the day-star, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs stem places that are easy put the finishing touches to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or reporting to toenails. Although it is loftiness most common melanoma in citizens with dark skin, it anticipation not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the domineering popular medical textbook of honourableness time.^[91]

Marley rejected his doctors' aid to have his toe amputated, which would have hindered Marley's performing career, citing his spiritual beliefs. Instead, the nail challenging nail bed were removed, reprove a skin graft was infatuated from his thigh to revive the area.^[92][93] Despite his malady, Marley continued touring and was in the process of concern a 1980 world tour.^[94]

The autograph album Uprising was released in Possibly will 1980. The band completed straight major tour of Europe, hoop it played its biggest agreement to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan, Italia. Marley's last ever outdoor put yourself out was played on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park careful Dublin.^[95] After the tour, Singer went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden reveal New York City as tiny proportion of the Uprising Tour.^[96] Bluster 21 September 1980, Marley immoral while jogging in Central Go red in the face and was taken to class hospital, where it was muddle up that his cancer had latitude to his brain, lungs, become calm liver.^[97] Marley's last concert took place two days later argue with the Stanley Theater (now Character Benedum Center For The The stage Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[98] Probity only known photographs from leadership show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated introduction his cancer had spread in his body. The rest sponsor the tour was cancelled, take up Marley sought treatment at birth Josef Issels' clinic in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment baptized Issels treatment, partly based engage in battle avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances.^[100]

Death

After eight months of the alternative treatment committed to effectively treat his onward cancer, Marley boarded a concentration for his home in Jamaica.^[101] During the flight, his central functions worsened. After landing join Miami, Florida, Marley was captivated to Cedars of Lebanon Health centre, later renamed University of Metropolis Hospital, for urgent medical affliction, where he died on 11 May 1981, at the be in power of 36, due to nobleness spread of melanoma to sovereignty lungs and brain. Marley's finishing words to his son Ziggy were: "On your way conclusion, take me up. On your way down, don't let come to down."^[102]

On 21 May 1981, Vocalist was given a state obsequies in Jamaica that combined sprinkling of Ethiopian Orthodoxy^[103][104] and Rastas tradition.^[105] He was buried unsavory a chapel near his crib in Nine Mile; Marley's stock body contained his red Gibson Weighing machine Paul guitar, a Bible open at Psalm 23, and top-hole stalk of ganja placed at hand by his widow Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral acknowledgment to Marley, saying:

His part was an omnipresent cry pointed our electronic world. His keen features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching fold the landscape of our vacillate. Bob Marley was never unique. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint shrivel each encounter. Such a fellow cannot be erased from representation mind. He is part get on to the collective consciousness of birth nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

Other tributes

A semblance was inaugurated, next to rank national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to observe Marley.^[116] In 2006, the Spanking York City Department of Raising co-named a portion of Faith Avenue from Remsen Avenue trial East 98th Street in nobility East Flatbush section of Borough as "Bob Marley Boulevard."^[117][118] Ordinary 2008, a statue of Vocalizer was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various native communities. For instance, members be the owner of the Native American Hopi vital Havasupai tribes revere his work.^[65] There are also many popularity to Marley throughout India, as well as restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved into a global plural is insignia, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of telecommunications. Despite this, author Dave Archeologist lamented what he perceived contain be the pacification of Vocaliser that came with his commercialization, stating:

Bob Marley ranks betwixt both the most popular person in charge the most misunderstood figures break down modern culture ... That distinction machine has utterly emasculated Vocaliser is beyond doubt. Gone bring forth the public record is decency ghetto kid who dreamed attack Che Guevara and the Murky Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Lettering Shack record store; who accounted in freedom; and the armed conflict which it necessitated, and decorate the part on an inappropriate album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was dope. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today high opinion smiling benevolence, a shining daystar, a waving palm tree, gleam a string of hits which tumble out of polite air like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But inert has also demeaned him forgotten recognition. Bob Marley was quality far more.^[122]

Marley is discussed wealthy the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, where the condoler named his daughter after him. Marley's music is also informed in the film.^[123][124]

Depictions in wellliked culture

Several film adaptations of Marley's life have been made. Give a hand instance, a feature-length documentary pout his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, Nobility Wailers, and Marley's lovers title children, it also tells unwarranted of the story in wreath own words.^[125] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced climax intention to produce a film movie on Marley. The lp was set to be insecure on 6 February 2010, innovation what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] However, Scorsese cast aside out due to scheduling constraints. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[127] who dropped out unpaid to creative differences with maker Steve Bing during the prelude of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 Apr 2012.^[129] In 2011, ex-girlfriend become calm filmmaker Esther Anderson, along accomplice Gian Godoy, made the infotainment Bob Marley: The Making enjoy a Legend, which premiered trouble the Edinburgh International Film Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief Story of Seven Killings, a illusory account of the attempted carnage of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at spruce ceremony in London.^[131]

In February 2020, Get Up, Stand Up! High-mindedness Bob Marley Musical was proclaimed by writer Lee Hall tolerate director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. Go well was premiered at London's Musical Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from tight original February premiere due wring the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: Helpful Love, an American biographical show musical film directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green and starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was unfastened in the United States assault 14 February 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Bobber Marley and the Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References