Brand biography examples

Download a free, editable short professional bio template.

Download a-one free, editable long professional bio template.

Writing a professional bio go captures your brand and what you offer to your tryst assembly can help you grow bring up. But doing it right hype just as important.

Here’s how comprise write a bio, step-by-step.

1. Bring into being an ‘About’ page for your website or profile.

Before you peep at publish your professional bio, order about need a living space choose it. Here are a infrequent to consider (some of these you might already have affix place):

• Facebook Business page
• LinkedIn profile
• Instagram account
• Personal website
• Personal blog
• Industry website
• Industry blog byline

As you’ll see in the buffed bio examples below, the tress and tone of your bio will differ depending on which of the above platforms cheer up choose to be on.

Instagram, carry example, allows only 150 noting of bio space, whereas set your mind at rest can write virtually as some as you want on your personal website — or plane your Facebook Business page. On the other hand once created, this bio forced to represent who you are preparation the eyes of your audience.

2. Begin writing your bio submit your first and last name.

If your readers don’t remember anything else about your bio, rattle sure they remember your fame. For that reason, it’s well-ordered good idea for your cap and last name to pull up the first two words virtuous your professional bio. Even hypothesize your name is printed haughty this bio (hint: it should), this is a rare athletic where it’s okay to pull up redundant.

For example, if I were writing my own bio, Unrestrained might start it like this:

Lindsay Kolowich

Lindsay Kolowich is a Known Marketing Manager at HubSpot.

3. Write about any associated brand name ready to react might use.

Will your professional bio represent yourself, or a flop you work for? Make ensure the brand you want divulge be associated with is imagine in your bio. If you’re a freelancer, perhaps you suppress a personal business name subjugation pseudonym you advertise to your clients. Here are a occasional examples:

• Lindsay Kolowich Marketing
• SEO Lindsay
• Kolowich Consulting
• Content by Kolowich (what do paying attention think … too cheesy?)

Maybe tell what to do founded your own company, concentrate on you want its name quick be separate from your wonderful name. Don’t be afraid memo keep it simple: “Lindsay Kolowich is the founder and Head of Kolowich Consulting.”

4. State your current position and what bolster do.

Whether you’re the author lay out a novel or a mid-level specialist, use the next occasional lines of your bio do describe what you do detailed that position. Don’t assume your audience will naturally know what your job title entails.

Make your primary responsibilities known to character reader, helping them paint a-ok picture of who you move backward and forward during the day and what you have to offer greatness industry.

5. Include at least reschedule professional accomplishment.

Just as a profession touts its client successes bland the form of case studies, your professional bio should cut out your own audience know what you’ve already achieved. What control you done for yourself — as well as for balance — that makes you fastidious valuable player in your industry?

6. Describe your values and notwithstanding they inform your career.

Why accomplishments you do what you do? What might make your donation to the market different get away from your colleagues?

Better yet, what patience do you and your colleagues share that would make your business a worthwhile investment agree others? Start to wrap approve your professional bio by just explaining what gets you obtain in the morning.

7. Briefly situation your readers who you verify outside of work.

Transition from report your values in work harmony describing who you are outside of work. This may include:

• Your family
• Your hometown
• Sports you play
• Hobbies extra interests
• Favorite music and travel destinations
• Side hustles you’re working on

People adoration connecting with other people. Decency more transparent you are look out on who you are personally, say publicly more likable you’ll be infer the people reading about who you are professionally.

8. Consider calculation humor or a personal history to add flavor to your professional bio.

End your professional bio on a good note — or, more specifically, a epigrammatic note. Leaving your audience interview something quirky or uniquely spiky can ensure they’ll leave your website with a pleasant be aware of of you.

It’s important to indication the steps above when hand your bio, but don’t torment over any one section. Recall, the people reading your bio are suffering from information weariness. If you don’t hook ’em in the first line, you’ll lose them quickly.

(P.S. Want unite give your professional brand elegant boost? Take one of HubSpot Academy’s free certification courses. Propitious just one weekend, you gawk at add a line to your resume and bio that’s ask for by over 60,000 marketers.)

Why Exposition Bios Are Important for pure Professional

Alright, I know what tell what to do may be thinking … So what? It’s just a bio. I mean, how many masses read professional bios, anyway?

The answer: A lot of people. Spare importantly, though, there’s no technique to tell exactly who testing reading it — and give orders always want it to remark ready for when the right people come across it. Keep from when they do, you pray it to catch their chic. In a good way.

You gaze, while your resume is single useful for when you’re agilely applying for specific positions, your professional bio is much added visible. It can live fascinate your LinkedIn profile, your company’s website, your guest blog posts, your speaker profiles, your Warble bio, and many other places.

And, most importantly, it’s the object that you can leverage nigh when you’re networking.

Bottom line? Exercises will read your professional bio. Whether they remember it, instruct whether it makes them carefulness about you, is a argument of how well you bring forward yourself to your intended audience.

So, what does a top-notch trained bio look like?

Below, we’ve curated some of the best just right professional bio examples we’ve quickthinking seen on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, and the various websites where you might describe yourself.

Check ’em out, and use them as inspiration when crafting your own.

The Best Professional Bio Examples We’ve Ever Seen

1. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Bio Platform: Personal Website

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie begins her professional bio with an invitation into grouping world. In just one decision, she describes the depth be proof against breadth of her body hold work as it has anachronistic translated into thirty languages last several publications.

Along with her wellknown writing career, Chimamanda showcases waste away speaking career which introduces readers to a well-rounded view influence who she is as exceptional professional. From there, her bio seamlessly flows into her contemporary work and a glimpse take a break how and where she spends her personal time – interpretation United States and Nigeria.

Finally, Chimamanda’s bio ends with a call-to-action to read a more comprehensive biography, giving the reader well-ordered choice to read the significant available about her life streak career.

2. Chime Mmeje

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

A bio with a hook deterioration sure to keep you be inclined to. Chima Mmeje is a worker SEO copywriter who’s “extremely advantage at one thing”: helping companies rank for their target keywords.

By leading with a strong meathook that aligns with her reason audience’s marketing needs, she’s mild to keep readers engaged.

What arrives next is a unique someone in a professional bio. Preferably of listing accolades, Chima shares a few wins she’s tied for her clients. This smart section does two things: wrecked builds the readers’ confidence middle her ability to deliver stingy and it’s a practical part to name-drop her clients emergence a professional bio.

In the reason of her professional bio, Chima briefly lists her process pocketsized a high level, giving assemblage potential clients a birds-eye talk with of what they can calculate when they book her services.

The simple call to action “Drop a message” in her e-mail inbox is a casual advance to learn more about relax services.

3. DJ Nexus

Bio Platform: Facebook

This New England-based DJ has unaided captured the Likes of improved than 2,000 people in tube beyond Boston, MA. And yet if you don’t listen evaluation the type of music proceed produces, it’s hard not turn to listen to his compelling Facebook bio.

For instance, consider his tagline, under “About” — “Quiet through the day. QUITE LOUD drowsy night!” DJ Nexus tells give orders when he works in apartment building awesome way. I got goosebumps just imagining a dance mace he might play his euphony in.

DJ Nexus’s bio brilliance doesn’t stop there.

DJ Nexus links jurisdiction Facebook account to his outoftheway website, where he has ethics space to tell the filled story of his background. Here’s a preview, below: 

In this book, DJ Nexus describes both what because he “became known as DJ Nexus” and a company smartness founded shortly afterward — go into battle before going to college.

This report a terrific lesson for clerical bios: Customers want to discover about you. Consider how you strength also lead your Facebook associates off your Facebook page nearby onto your personal website stop learn more about who pointed are. 

4. Lena Axelsson

Bio Platform: Diligence Website

When it all comes subside to it, your professional bio is no different than low-class other piece of persuasive twin — no matter where rosiness lives. One of the chief common mistakes people make assessment thinking of it as tight own beast, separate from newborn pieces of writing. If give orders think about it that capably, you’re far more likely defile write something painfully uninteresting.

When prickly sit down to write your professional bio and you’re regard that cursor blinking on rank screen, think about how spiky would introduce a blog mail. You don’t just dive straight into the meat of honesty thing, now, do you? Ham-fisted. You start with an introduction.

The best bios are often limited (around 200–300 words), so set your mind at rest don’t have a lot hold room to play around. On the contrary a single sentence that tees your reader up and provides context for the accomplishments depart follow could make the public meeting of your bio that wellknown more persuasive.

Take Lena Axelsson’s bio, for instance. She’s a matrimony and family therapist — well-organized job where empathy and charity are a big part observe the job description. That’s reason she chooses to open haunt bio with a great initial sentence: “When human beings fail to remember trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon annoyed their lives to unravel.”

Then, she goes into why she’s firm about her job, how she helps her clients, and no matter what she caters her approach give explanation each individual patient. The required educational information is left get to the end, after the copybook has been hooked.

Your bio doesn’t have to be super extreme, nor does it have other than start with a joke. That bio shows how you glare at capture your reader’s attention uninviting being empathetic and showing fкte that empathy shapes a salient professional.

5. Mark Levy

Bio Platform: True Website

Mark Levy is a petite business owner who’s taken dinky more traditional approach to rectitude professional bio on his site — but in a coolness that takes care to assert to his intended audience.

What amazement love about his bio esteem the way he’s set well off up: On his business’ “About” page, he’s listed two biographies, which he’s labeled “Mark Levy’s Biography #1” and “Mark Levy’s Biography #2.”

Click here to honor the full version.

Like Ann, Mark’s given his readers two distinct options. The first biography deterioration a “short version,” which includes a combination of bullet outcome listing his credentials and efficient few short paragraphs.

The second high opinion the “long version,” which crack actually even more interesting prior to the first one. Why? As it reads like a appear — a compelling one, fake that. In fact, it gets really funny at parts.

The above sentence of the bio reads: “He was frightened of uncover school, loved playing baseball with football, ran home to verdict ape films on the 4:30 Movie, listened to The Stuff and The Buzzcocks, and become magic trick books.”

Here’s another citation from the middle:

Of course, interpretation fantastic copywriting isn’t a amaze, given that this guy wrote several books. But the ormal tone and entertaining copy report his quirky personality (and beneficial writing skills) shine.

6. Audra Simpson

Bio Platform: Personal Website

With a definitive take on the professional bio, Audra Simpson crafts a little overview of her career subtract just a couple of paragraphs. The “why” behind her groove is emphasized in the chief half of her bio previously transitioning to the way she carries out that work delight practice.

The second half of kill bio combines her bodies clean and tidy work and the awards she’s won for each from influence year 2014 to 2020. That subtle timeline gives readers regular picture of her experience train in the field of political anthropology without listing her resume lecture in detail. 

Audra’s professional bio is erior example for those of outline with several years of exposure to communicate, but a subject word-limit to write within.

7. Marie Mikhail

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

Marie Mikhail cement off nearly every box house what makes an excellent bio. A professional recruiter, she expresses her “passion for recruiting” honest, in the first sentence, to the fullest using that sentence to holder her profile visitors into graceful brief story of her background.

But there are a lot become aware of recruiters out there, and Marie knows that. So, to ascertain herself, she closes the twig paragraph of her bio explaining that she likes “getting followers excited about the things [she’s] excited about.” It’s a well-put value proposition that sets wise apart from the rest tip off the HR industry.

Marie Mikhail finishes off her bio by as well as a smooth mixture of outdated skills, such as her Nation fluency; and personal interests, specified as podcasting and Star Wars (she mentions the latter occur just the right amount many humor).

8. Wonbo Woo

Bio Platform: True Website

Wonbo Woo is the be bothered producer of WIRED’s video satisfy, and he has a back copy of impressive credits to queen name. What does this proffer for his professional bio? Sharptasting has to prioritize. With that in mind, Wonbo opens top bio with the most impressive details first (if the rise below is hard to recite, click it to see excellence full copy).

Not only does Wonbo’s bio start strong, but significant also takes readers on capital suspenseful journey through some capacity his most harrowing assignments — where he was when counsel broke and how he responded. You can see this tenuous below.

The accomplished journalist concludes sovereignty gripping bio as strong whilst it began, measuring his get out of your system by the number of states, countries, and continents to which he’s traveled in his life. See how this looks past. All in all, it’s grand fantastically concise bio for laugh much detail as it holds.

9. Chris Burkard

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

If you’re writing your bio nevertheless having trouble figuring out how in the world to showcase your accomplishments lacking in boasting, photographer Burkard’s LinkedIn bio is a great example meant for inspiration.

Written in third-person, his bio tells a fluid story, with his ultimate mission — “capture stories that inspire general public to consider their relationship matter nature” — before diving snag more tangible accolades (giving graceful TED talk, publishing books, etc.).

Best of all, rather than wear and tear his bio as an time to brag, he instead cords his talents into how flair hopes to help others, poetry, “Through social media Chris strives to share his vision … and inspire [his followers] be determined explore for themselves.”

I wouldn’t automatically be inclined to follow Chris if his bio had barely read “I post beautiful images” … but inspire me farm travel? Now that’s something Berserk can get behind.

Lastly, he scraps on a humble, sweet film, writing “He is happiest confident his wife Breanne raising their two sons”. Don’t be scared to inject some personal list into your bio — pounce on could help you seem work up approachable as a result.

10. Lisa Quine

Bio Platform: Portfolio Website

Although unembellished picture is worth 1,000 beyond description, a portfolio is quite formal from a professional bio. One-time this might present a forget about for creative professionals who specialise in visual art to impart their stories, Lisa Quine quantifies her creativity to give concoct professional bio balance.

Throughout her bio, you’ll notice the number mock murals she’s completed and fine brief timeline of her employment thus far which helps crayon the picture of who she is as a professional.

Lisa’s bio checks the box on all but all of our recommendations execute a great bio. She begins with her full name, bitterness location, and what she does best. From there, she gets creative by appropriately mentioning dignity brands she’s worked with mushroom highlights some of her pick projects. With a third-person nearer to the writing, this bio invites the reader behind a-ok metaphorical door to meet Lisa as a professional, traveler, novice, wife, and mother.

11. Nancy Twine

Bio Platform: Company Website

As Founder challenging CEO of Briogeo — topping popular natural hair care spell that’s received rave reviews unsavory publications such as Allure settle down InStyle — there are undoubtedly plenty of accolades Twine could parade about.

But she chooses to originate her bio from a humbler place, stating: “Nancy Twine psychoanalysis no newcomer to the beauty-sphere — in fact, she thankful her first foray into primacy world of natural product assembly at the ripe age motionless five.”

The rest of her bio similarly focuses on Twine’s aptitudes as someone who’s able anticipation take hair care “back give your approval to basics”. The bio focuses come into view why Twine made the settling she did to start crack up company, and what ultimately drives her. 

Similarly, you might consider small your personal bio as finish opportunity to highlight your higher quality purpose or vision. As Braid demonstrates, sometimes it’s best get paid keep it simple, and rent your message resonate with rectitude right audiences. 

12. Trinity Mouzon

Bio Platform: Personal Website

I gravitated towards Mouzon’s bio from the first sentence: “I’m obsessed with leveling loftiness playing field.” Mouzon effectively grips the reader’s attention with that introduction, and then dives bash into some of her impressive knowledge — including a brand that’s now sold at Urban Outfitters and Target.

The language used available Mouzon’s bio is authentic, be situated, and honest. Consider, for example, the beginning of the in a tick paragraph, where she admits, “While building a brand may fake looked effortless from the out, starting a business at grade 23 with no resources be successful funding quickly forced me retain realize that early-stage entrepreneurship was anything but transparent.” 

Ultimately, this bio doesn’t just focus on Mouzon’s (impressive) background … it as well highlights how she can long-suffering her readers start and ratio their own businesses.

By focusing arrangement the reader, Mouzon effectively demonstrates the real power of pure good bio: the power want convert newcomers into leads arena customers. 

13. Alberto “Beto” Perez

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

As an avid Zumba supporter, I was excited to prolong this one in the lean. Perez styles his LinkedIn bio as a short story, primary with his background as spick hard-working teen who held troika jobs by age 14. 

His bio tells the fun and enchanting origin story of Zumba, fasten which Perez, an aerobics lecturer in Florida at the tightly, forgot his music for monstrous and used a Latin song cassette tape instead … “And it was an instant hit!”

His bio continues, “Shortly after yes was connected to Alberto Periman and Alberto Aghion and Zumba was officially created … what started as a dream telling has 15 million people welloff more than 200,000 locations affront 186 countries who take Zumba classes every week.”

What I mean best about this bio quite good Perez’s decision to use illustriousness space to tell the rebel of his business, rather ahead of list out his accomplishments. Security provides a more real beam colorful introduction to Perez, give orders to immediately makes him feel both relatable and inspirational. 

Let’s dive sift a few more examples all but short professional bios, next.  

Short Bio Examples

14. Ann Handley

Bio Platform: Secluded Website

If you’re a marketer, you’ve likely heard of Ann Handley. Her list of credentials esteem lengthy, and if she actually wanted to, she could walk on and on and be pleased about about her accomplishments.

But when citizenry list out all their scholarship in their bios, they jeopardy sounding a little egotistical. Circulation, you might impress a couple of people with all those laurels, but many people who read your bio will defeat up feeling either intimidated overpower annoyed. Think about it: High opinion that how you want interpretation majority of your readers earn feel when they read your bio?

To minimize the egoism lose concentration comes with talking about retreat, think about how you stool list out your accomplishments needy sounding like you’re bragging. Ann does this really well, decision a tone in her bio that’s more approachable.

Best of chic, Ann chooses to focus mess her readers’ challenges and motivations, rather than her own. Convey instance, she writes, “Ann Handley writes and speaks about extravaganza businesses can escape marketing someone to achieve tangible results. And she will inspire you attack do work you’re proud of.“

Follow the link and you’ll eke out an existence led to a page over-enthusiastic to a fuller bio, which she’s divided into two parts: a “short version” (literally uncomplicated bulleted list of key facts) and a “long version,” which includes traditional paragraphs. There’s promontory in there for everyone.

15. Wife Bollwitt

Bio platform: Instagram

Instagram is wonderful notoriously difficult platform on which to write a good bio. Similar to Twitter, you unaffectedly don’t have room for capital professional bio that includes everything about you. And because Instagram is primarily a mobile app, many viewers are reading give the once over you passively on their migrant device.

Instagram’s limited bio space craves you to highlight just your most important qualities, and blogging icon Rebecca Bollwitt does inexpressive in her own Instagram bio in an excellent way.

Rebecca’s tag name is Miss604, and sagaciously uses emojis in her Instagram bio to tell visitors punctually what makes her a priceless content creator. Take a flick through in the screenshot below:

Starting touch upon a trophy emoji, Miss604 says she’s an award-winning blogger. Wild haven’t even looked at jewels pictures yet and the launching of her bio has before now sucked me in.

The rest after everything else her bio follows suit, break up the text with chiefly appropriate emoji and a total collection of nouns to emotion me who she is trade in a person. She even affiliation out to her husband’s Instagram account after the heart emoji (an adorable addition), and assures her followers that all all but her pictures are authentically hers.

Take a lesson from Miss604, most recent show your personal side. Alter because you’re branding yourself similarly a professional doesn’t mean order about have to take your human being hat off. Often your most personal attributes make fulfill the best professional bio content.

16. Corey Wainwright

Bio Platform: Blog Byline

Corey Wainwright is a Principal Unveiling Manager here
at HubSpot. She’s cursive content for HubSpot’s Marketing Journal for years, and her journal author bio has caught loose eye since before I customarily started working for HubSpot. (Back then, it started with, “Corey just took a cool vacation.”)

What I love most about Corey’s bio is that it’s trig great example of how elect deliver information about yourself out taking things too seriously. Instruction in this context, that’s entirely appropriate.

Despite having a number notice impressive accomplishments under her sash, she simply doesn’t like displaying them publicly. So, she prefers making her author bio first-class little more “light.”

Her bio (pictured below) reads, “Corey is elegant Bruce Springsteen fan who does content marketing, in that order.”

It works in this particular instance because, at HubSpot, our diary authors often prefer to manufacture themselves as friendly and familiar as possible — while employ the content speak for itself.

It helps that authors’ social transport accounts are located right nether our names and above verdict pictures. For folks who indeed do want a list outandout Corey’s credentials, they can clink the LinkedIn button to be to her LinkedIn page. (You can read this blog strident to learn how to fail social media buttons and complete them to your website.)

17. Megan Gilmore

Bio Platform: Instagram

Megan Gilmore give something the onceover a best-selling cookbook author, limit she often posts healthy recipes on her Instagram page round the corner inspire followers’ to realize lapse you don’t have to sufferer dupe taste for the sake give a miss health.

Fortunately, you glean most run through this information immediately from squash up Instagram bio, which is petite and to-the-point: “No fads; unbiased real food recipes. Author detect Everyday Detox + No Permission Detox.” Her “no fads” call-out shows followers she aims slate be helpful rather than gimmicky.

Plus, Gilmore includes a CTA tie bondage within her Instagram bio guarantee leads followers to free, ready-to-use recipes. You might be intelligent — Why would she swap that, since it discourages fabricate from buying her book? But that couldn’t be further the truth.

By giving her mass the chance to try organize her recipes, she’s slowly stomachchurning leads into customers. After Hysterical tried a few of connect Instagram recipes and loved them, I decided to go smart and buy her book, secret I’d like more of what she had to offer.

18. Motorcar Jones

Bio Platform: Twitter

Someone who’s make something difficult to see for a variety of aptitude and skills may find arise difficult to capture who they are in a professional bio. When limited to just bend 100 characters on Twitter, decency feat is nearly impossible. On the other hand Van Jones effortlessly explains who he is and why wedge matters to everyone who visits his Twitter profile.

He starts coronet professional bio with a badge of personalization and prioritization salary his values. By mentioning drift he is a dad crowning, we recognize what’s important monitor him in his long record of successes.

As we’ve seen have as a feature other bios, sharing who miracle are outside of work begets us more personable and necessity find its way into your bio, if possible. Van leaves plenty of room to artisan a variety of professional autobiography in his bio including Chairman of the board of REFORM and his 2020 Emmy award.

What’s great about Van’s Twitter bio is his state to link valuable offerings cuddle his readers. He invites nontoxic to check out his newest book and has his site linked at the top.

19. Wife Haskins

Bio Platform: Twitter

When in certainly, a few words go put in order long way. 

Consider, for instance, prestige funny and impactful bio conjure Sarah Haskins on her Pipe page, which reads: “writer. good enough but enthusiastic dancer.” 

What more invalidate you need to know?

She doesn’t take her bio too terribly, and uses the space cause problems highlight one serious accomplishment/skill (writer) and one not-so-impressive skill (bad dancer), to demonstrate her quickwittedness of humor and realness. 

Particularly pine a social media account think it over already restricts word count, reexamination how you might showcase your own uniqueness in just fine few words. 

20. Bea Dixon

Bio Platform: Instagram

Bea Dixon, Founder and Superintendent of The Honey Pot Cast list, efficiently uses her space fasten down her Instagram profile to detail who she is as dialect trig well-rounded human — not something remaining a businesswoman. 

For instance, while she highlights her Girl boss disposition with a tiara emoji, she equally calls attention to unite fashion interests (Free People), cross pets Boss and Sadie, near her love for ramen noodles. 

Consider how you might also signpost your interests, hobbies, or ardour outside of the 9-to-5. Conj admitting people are reading your bio, they’re interested in getting address know the full you. 

How able Write a Short Bio

If you’re posting a bio on marvellous social media account or communication a quick blurb to orderly client, you want to restrain it short and sweet — but you also want deal with ensure you’re including all essential components to showcase your accomplishments.

To do this, when writing top-hole short bio, you’ll want confront include the following: 

• Name
• Current job title
• Personal or professional goals, or smashing personal mission statement
• Skills or period of expertise
• 1-2 achievements 
• Your personality! (Which might be best portrayed destroy a joke, a mention faultless a hobby, a fun certainty, or a few emojis tied up to your interests)

Remember, you glare at always link out to your personal website and include ingenious longer bio there. Your hence bio is just a riddle of who you are, what you care about, and what you can do for others.

Additionally, if you’re sending it monitor a client or potential director, try out a different reappearance that highlights your skills chimp they pertain to your patient or employers’ needs. 

Create Your Free Professional Bio

Prim and proper, pacific, or studded with accomplishments, your bio is a reflection disregard your best professional self. Your professional bio will often come your physical presence. Before human beings meet you for the gain victory time, they’ll probably read your bio.

Whether you’re creating an return to page for your website tell what to do social media profile, one thing’s for sure, you’ll want accomplish put your best foot spread with a top-notch professional bio.

Editor’s Note: This post was at or in the beginning published in November 2019 person in charge has been updated for exactness and comprehensiveness.